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Bad Bridget: Criminal and Deviant Irishwomen in North America, 1838-1918

坏布里奇特：北美犯罪和异常的爱尔兰妇女，1838 年至 1918 年

基本信息

批准号：
AH/M008649/1
负责人：
Leanne McCormick
金额：
$ 21.2万
依托单位：
University of Ulster
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2015
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2015 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FM008649%2F1
关键词：
Bad Bridget Criminal Deviant Irishwomen

项目摘要

The current vogue expressions of loathing for immigrant neighbours no more than repeat commonly-held historical views of native Protestants about living beside what they perceived to be poor, feckless, dirty, drunken, criminal, immoral and, worse still, Catholic, Irish immigrants. Stories of social and psychological hostility and isolation litter the historical record. Small wonder the Irish fell on hard times, misfortune and what were viewed as deviant paths. 'Bad Bridget' is an exciting study of deviant Irish-born women in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in three North American cities, New York, Boston and Toronto, key destinations on the Irish emigrant landscape. The proposed project focuses for the first time on Irish migrants who failed to conform to expectations of chastity, morality and good motherhood, namely women who engaged in sex outside marriage, neglectful mothers and criminals. Between 1838 and 1918, more than 5.65 million emigrants departed Ireland for North America. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, females outnumbered males among the passenger figures. These Irish women were predominantly unmarried, between the ages of eighteen and thirty, and from rural backgrounds. Their experiences would be as diverse as their personalities and aspirations. While some migrants saw the inside of middle-class homes as servants, others saw the inside of brothels as prostitutes. While some stood in line to purchase food for their husbands and children, others stood in courtrooms as defendants. While some Irishwomen voluntarily entered religious convents, others were forced to enter prison cells. A focus on Irish migrant women who engaged in sex outside marriage, neglectful mothers, and criminals will thus provide a fresh perspective on the familiar narrative of Irish female migration to North America. This analysis will highlight the multifaceted experiences of the 'American dream'. Single-authored research by the investigators on female sexuality and criminality in Ireland has highlighted the rich insights that can be gained from a detailed study of such topics. Through an analysis of the intimate lives of migrant women, much can be revealed about courtships, marriage and extra-marital relationships (theme 1). The proposed project will also shed much light on the fascinating nature of immigrant networks and survival strategies. A study of 'bad' motherhood (theme 2) uncovers attitudes towards illegitimacy, expectations of parental roles and responsibilities, and indicates the state, church, private and familial support (or lack thereof) available to pregnant women or mothers. An exploration of criminality (theme 3) will highlight the economic vulnerability of some migrants, the strengths of criminal networks in particular regions, especially among migrant groups, and attitudes towards non-native suspects who engaged in illegal activity. An analysis of crime and police sources will also reveal whether Irish migrant women were more likely to be suspected of criminality, more likely to be brought to court, or more likely to be sentenced to terms of imprisonment than their American-born or non-Irish counterparts. Studies of unmarried Irish women in the US have frequently focused on the domestic servant, the child-minder or the religious sister. Other studies of Irish migrants have concentrated on marriage, reproduction and fertility rates. An examination of the three intertwined strands of the sexually active woman, the deviant mother, and the criminal will offer an alternative account of the Irish female migrant experience than has hitherto been attempted. While employment and other opportunities in North America attracted the Irish throughout the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the characteristics and cultures of the three specifically selected cities also facilitate a fruitful comparative approach

当前流行的对移民邻居的厌恶表达，只不过是重复了当地新教徒普遍持有的历史观点，即生活在他们认为贫穷、无能、肮脏、醉酒、犯罪、不道德，更糟糕的是天主教、爱尔兰移民的身边。社会和心理上的敌意和孤立的故事在历史记录中随处可见。难怪爱尔兰人陷入了艰难、不幸和被视为不寻常的道路。《坏布里奇特》是一部激动人心的作品，研究了19世纪和20世纪初三个北美城市--纽约、波士顿和多伦多--爱尔兰移民景观上的关键目的地--爱尔兰出生的离经叛道的女性。拟议的项目首次将重点放在未能符合对贞洁、道德和良好母亲的期望的爱尔兰移民，即从事婚外性行为的妇女、疏忽照顾的母亲和罪犯。1838年至1918年间，超过565万移民离开爱尔兰前往北美。在19世纪末和20世纪初，女性乘客人数超过了男性。这些爱尔兰女性大多未婚，年龄在18岁到30岁之间，来自农村。他们的经历将与他们的个性和抱负一样多样化。一些外来务工人员将中产阶级住宅的内部视为佣人，而另一些人则将妓院内部视为妓女。当一些人排队为丈夫和孩子购买食物时，另一些人则作为被告站在法庭上。一些爱尔兰妇女自愿进入宗教修道院，其他人则被迫进入牢房。因此，对从事婚外性行为的爱尔兰移民妇女、疏忽照顾的母亲和罪犯的关注将为人们熟悉的爱尔兰女性移民到北美的叙事提供一个新的视角。这一分析将突出“美国梦”的多方面经历。调查人员对爱尔兰女性性行为和犯罪行为的单人研究突出了对这类主题的详细研究可以获得的丰富见解。通过对移民妇女亲密生活的分析，可以揭示许多关于求爱、婚姻和婚外关系的信息(主题1)。拟议的项目还将揭示移民网络和生存战略的迷人性质。一项关于“坏”母亲的研究(主题2)揭示了对私生子的态度、对父母角色和责任的期望，并指出了孕妇或母亲可获得的国家、教会、私人和家庭支持(或缺乏)。探讨犯罪行为(主题3)将突出一些移民的经济脆弱性、犯罪网络在特定区域的优势，特别是移民群体的犯罪网络，以及对从事非法活动的非本地嫌疑人的态度。对犯罪和警方来源的分析还将揭示，爱尔兰移民妇女是否比在美国出生的或非爱尔兰移民妇女更有可能被怀疑犯罪，更有可能被告上法庭，或者更有可能被判处监禁。在美国，对未婚爱尔兰女性的研究往往集中在家庭佣人、儿童保姆或宗教姐妹身上。对爱尔兰移民的其他研究主要集中在婚姻、生育和生育率上。对性行为活跃的女性、离经叛道的母亲和罪犯这三个交织在一起的人的研究，将提供一种不同于以往尝试的爱尔兰女性移民经历的另一种描述。虽然北美的就业和其他机会在整个19世纪和20世纪初吸引了爱尔兰人，但这三个特别选择的城市的特点和文化也促进了富有成效的比较方法