The enduring jurist: qazis, courts and living shari'a in modern India

经久不衰的法学家：现代印度的卡齐、法院和活生生的伊斯兰教法

• 批准号: AH/N005856/1
• 负责人: Justin Jones
• 金额: $ 25.16万
• 依托单位: University of Oxford
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Fellowship
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2016 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FN005856%2F1
• 关键词: enduring; jurist; qazis; courts; living

The endurance of Islamic law in modern Muslim societies remains a heavily discussed and controversial issue in contemporary academia and public life alike. Who has the right to make decisions on points of Islamic law, and how can such edicts be implemented? How can Islamic laws be observed within modern states which aspire to be secular, pluralist nations? With the world's second largest Muslim population and its largest Muslim minority, India makes an essential focal point for considering these questions.Examining a long historical era from the late-nineteenth century until the present, this project explores understandings of law and legal authority within modern South Asian Islam. Turning away from an emphasis on government legislation and 'formal' legal sources which have dominated much legal history, this project uncovers a range of vernacular discussions, in languages such as Urdu, about the meaning and practice of Muslim laws in the everyday lives of Muslims. How, for instance, did Muslims argue that religious laws could be preserved after the fall of Muslim rule and imposition of British power? Perhaps most importantly, who had the authority to speak on issues of Islamic law, in an era when the courts of state, both colonial and postcolonial, claimed jurisdiction over Muslim legal affairs?This project focuses upon the 'ulama, the 'traditional' class of learned Islamic scholars and legal specialists. Focusing upon a number of Muslim clerics and religious organisations functioning during the last century, this project examines how, despite being formally divested of their roles as jurists and judges, these religious professionals have continued to claim ongoing command over legal questions affecting Indian Muslims. Their efforts to assert their continued legal authority include expanding and formalising the release of fatwas (edicts), setting up a network of non-government shari'a courts across India, and imposing pressure upon the Indian government at various points on particular legal issues, whether divorce, adoption or alimony. This argument that Muslim religious leaders have preserved an enduring status as legal consultants and practitioners has profound implications for our understanding of legal practice and judicial authority within Islam, and also for our knowledge of the historical relationship between law and religion in the Indian subcontinent. This project's major academic outputs will include a monograph on the idea of the Muslim 'judge' in modern India, as well as articles on the related questions of the issuing of fatwas and of the protection of women's rights under Islamic law. However, the contemporary relevance of this project will allow a number of engagements with the media, policy forums and non-governmental organisations, both in India and Britain. First, the project will contribute to contemporary discussion of Muslim women's rights in India. In partnership with one of India's most significant Islamic feminist alliances, the Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan, I will organise a workshop entitled 'Shari'a and women's rights in India: modern questions and modern solutions.' This initiative will seek to identify pertinent legal questions affecting Muslim women today and formulate resolutions, which will then inform the work of women's rights activists within Muslim communities. Second, the project will in its later stages seek to compare the everyday realities of Muslim laws in India with those in other Muslim minority societies, such as Britain. A conference on shari'a councils in India and European nations will assess these institutions in different settings, and will also initiate discussion and exchange between a number of academics, lawyers and policy-makers on this complex issue.

伊斯兰教法在现代穆斯林社会中的持久性仍然是当代学术界和公共生活中广泛讨论和争议的问题。谁有权就伊斯兰法律的要点作出决定，以及如何执行这些法令？伊斯兰教法如何在渴望成为世俗、多元化国家的现代国家中得到遵守？印度是世界第二大穆斯林人口和最大的穆斯林少数民族，是思考这些问题的重要焦点。本项目考察了从世纪末到现在的一个漫长的历史时代，探讨了现代南亚伊斯兰教对法律和法律的权威的理解。从强调政府立法和“正式的”法律的来源，占主导地位的法律的历史，这个项目揭示了一系列的方言讨论，如乌尔都语，对穆斯林的日常生活中的穆斯林法律的意义和实践。例如，穆斯林是如何论证在穆斯林统治垮台和英国强加权力之后，宗教法律可以得到保留的？也许最重要的是，在一个国家法院，无论是殖民地还是后殖民地，都声称对穆斯林法律的事务拥有管辖权的时代，谁有权就伊斯兰法问题发表意见？该项目的重点是“乌里玛”，即博学的伊斯兰学者和法律的专家的“传统”阶层。本项目聚焦于上个世纪运作的一些穆斯林神职人员和宗教组织，研究尽管被正式剥夺了他们作为法学家和法官的角色，但这些宗教专业人士如何继续声称对影响印度穆斯林的法律的问题拥有持续的指挥权。他们努力维护自己持续的法律的权威，包括扩大和正式发布法特瓦（法令），在印度各地建立一个非政府伊斯兰教法法庭网络，并在特定的法律的问题上向印度政府施加压力，无论是离婚，收养还是赡养费。穆斯林宗教领袖作为法律的顾问和实践者保持了持久的地位，这一论点对我们理解伊斯兰教中的法律的实践和司法权威，以及我们对印度次大陆法律和宗教之间的历史关系的认识具有深远的影响。该项目的主要学术成果将包括一本关于现代印度穆斯林“法官”思想的专著，以及关于发布教令和根据伊斯兰法律保护妇女权利的相关问题的文章。然而，该项目的当代相关性将允许与印度和英国的媒体，政策论坛和非政府组织进行一些接触。第一，该项目将促进当代关于印度穆斯林妇女权利的讨论。我将与印度最重要的伊斯兰女权主义联盟之一Bharatiya Muslim Mahila Andolan合作，组织一个题为“伊斯兰教法和印度妇女权利：现代问题和现代解决方案”的研讨会。“这一倡议将寻求确定影响当今穆斯林妇女的相关法律的问题，并制定决议，然后为穆斯林社区内妇女权利活动家的工作提供信息。其次，该项目将在后期阶段寻求将印度穆斯林法律的日常现实与其他穆斯林少数民族社会（如英国）的现实进行比较。在印度和欧洲国家举行的伊斯兰教法理事会会议将评估不同背景下的这些机构，并将在一些学者、律师和决策者之间就这一复杂问题展开讨论和交流。

项目成果

Khandan-i-Ijtihad: Genealogy, history, and authority in a household of 'ulama in modern South Asia

Khandan-i-Ijtihad：现代南亚乌拉玛家族的家谱、历史和权威

• DOI: 10.1017/s0026749x18000598
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Modern Asian Studies
• 影响因子: 0.9
• 作者: JONES J

'Where Only Women May Judge': Developing Gender-Just Islamic Laws in India's All-Female 'Shari'ah Courts'

“只有女性才能审判的地方”：在印度全女性“伊斯兰教法法院”制定性别公正的伊斯兰法律

• DOI: 10.1163/15685195-00264p04
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Islamic Law and Society
• 影响因子: 0.5
• 作者: Jones J

Towards a Muslim Family Law Act? Debating Muslim women's rights and the codification of personal laws in India

制定穆斯林家庭法？

• DOI: 10.1080/09584935.2019.1684444
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Contemporary South Asia
• 影响因子: 1.4
• 作者: Jones J

Remembrances of Rashid: life-histories as lessons in the Deoband movement

纪念拉希德：以生活史作为 Deoband 运动的教训

• DOI: 10.1017/s1356186322000645
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
• 影响因子: 0.3
• 作者: Jones J

Reformulating Muslim Matrimony: Islamic Marriage and Divorce in the Contemporary United Kingdom and Europe

重新制定穆斯林婚姻：当代英国和欧洲的伊斯兰婚姻和离婚

• DOI: 10.1080/13602004.2020.1744841
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
• 影响因子: 0.5
• 作者: Jones J