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Imaginary Jews and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Rome

现代早期罗马想象中的犹太人和宗教少数群体

基本信息

批准号：
AH/N006623/1
负责人：
Emily Michelson
金额：
$ 24.83万
依托单位：
University of St Andrews
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2017 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FN006623%2F1
关键词：
Imaginary Jews Religious Minorities Early

项目摘要

Imaginary Jews and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Rome analyzes forced conversionary preaching to the Jews of Rome. Based on abundant but previously unused sources in Roman archives, this project proposes that Jews were a category of great concern to the innovators of early modern Catholicism in Rome, and that therefore they are necessary to our understanding of it. Conversionary preaching in particular provided an opportunity for understanding and celebrating the distinctive features of early modern Catholicism. More broadly, this project also proposes a new approach to understanding early modern Catholicism, by considering how it was shaped, even at its very heart, by a group external to it; Jews are one case of many. Early modern Rome was a unique and compelling laboratory for observing the impact of Jews on early modern Catholicism. Rome boasted the oldest continuous Jewish settlement in Europe, one which predated Christianity, and which grew rapidly in the sixteenth century. But as the Caput Mundi, Rome also generated most of the rhetoric and conceptions about Jews ("imaginary Jews") that had informed centuries of Catholic theology. Thus in Rome, unlike anywhere else in Europe, real Jews and imaginary Jews were equally robust, equally impossible to ignore, and had equal claims to antiquity. At conversionary sermons, they converged: Before a real Jewish congregation, preachers offered their theological critiques of Judaism as they imagined it, and made an argument for choosing Catholicism. Conversionary preaching also captures a moment when post-Reformation Catholic doctrine and priorities had to be articulated aloud and "sold" to a public. From the outset, as the archival record confirms, conversionary preaching was always a public spectacle, attended not only by Jews and new converts, but also by elite clerics, ordinary citizens, pilgrims, and foreign visitors. Conversionary preaching in Rome began shortly after the close of the Council of Trent and lasted beyond the early modern period. Throughout this period, a wide and varied group heard these sermons. The rhetorical strategies of conversionary preachers show the incorporation of early modern Catholicism's new values alongside the continuation of older arguments. While missionaries argued for Catholicism in distant lands, and before populations to whom it was unfamiliar, conversionary preachers made their case before the Church's oldest antagonists, and within the very heart of the body of Catholicism.This project thus considers the paradox inherent in conversionary preaching: that conversion was never its only goal, nor Jews its only target. From the first, conversionary preaching addressed a multilayered, diverse audience, and therefore served multilayered, diverse functions; it mattered both for Jewish-Christian relations and also for early modern Catholicism. This study, and the monograph that will result from it, therefore makes substantial contributions to the historiography of both fields. Yet in a city full of foreign dignitaries, new converts, Protestant travellers, international merchants, and others, Jews were hardly Rome's only religious minority. Just as conversionary sermons were pitched to appeal across faiths, it is important to remember that other religious groups could also influence early modern Catholicism, either in ways similar to Judaism, such as external validation, or in others yet to be explored. In this way we are reminded that early modern Catholicism did not develop in isolation but was influenced by other religions even at its heart, in Rome. The project Imaginary Jews and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Rome will also develop a network of scholars studying the impact of religious minorities at the heart of early modern Catholicism, through workshops, panels, and the publication of an edited collection.

《想象中的犹太人与近代早期罗马的宗教少数派》分析了罗马犹太人被迫改宗的传教。基于罗马档案中大量但以前未使用过的资料，该项目提出犹太人是罗马早期现代天主教创新者非常关注的一个类别，因此他们对我们对它的理解是必要的。皈依的布道尤其为理解和庆祝早期现代天主教的独特特征提供了机会。更广泛地说，这个项目还提出了一种理解早期现代天主教的新方法，通过考虑它是如何被塑造的，甚至是在它的核心，由一个外部团体；犹太人是许多人中的一个。近代早期的罗马是一个独特而引人注目的实验室，用来观察犹太人对近代早期天主教的影响。罗马拥有欧洲最古老的连续犹太人定居点，它早于基督教，并在16世纪迅速发展。但作为“世界之都”，罗马也产生了大多数关于犹太人的修辞和概念（“想象中的犹太人”），这些修辞和概念影响了几个世纪的天主教神学。因此，与欧洲其他地方不同，在罗马，真实的犹太人和想象中的犹太人同样强大，同样不可忽视，同样声称自己是古代的。在皈依布道中，他们聚集在一起：在一个真正的犹太会众面前，牧师们提出了他们对犹太教的神学批评，就像他们想象的那样，并提出了选择天主教的理由。皈依布道也抓住了改革后天主教教义和优先事项必须大声表达并“出售”给公众的时刻。从一开始，正如档案记录所证实的那样，皈依者的布道一直是一种公共奇观，不仅有犹太人和新皈依者参加，还有精英神职人员、普通公民、朝圣者和外国游客。罗马的皈依布道在特伦特会议结束后不久就开始了，并持续到近代早期。在这一时期，广泛而不同的群体听到了这些布道。皈依的传教士的修辞策略显示了早期现代天主教的新价值观与旧论点的延续的结合。当传教士在遥远的土地上，在不熟悉天主教的人群面前为天主教辩护时，皈依的传教士在教会最古老的对手面前，在天主教的核心位置上，为天主教辩护。因此，这个项目考虑了皈依布道中固有的悖论：皈依从来不是唯一的目标，犹太人也不是唯一的目标。从一开始，归信的讲道面向多层次、多样化的受众，因此有多层次、多样化的功能；这对犹太教和基督教的关系以及早期的现代天主教都很重要。因此，这项研究以及由此产生的专著对这两个领域的史学都做出了重大贡献。然而，在一个充满外国政要、新皈依者、新教旅行者、国际商人和其他人的城市里，犹太人并不是罗马唯一的宗教少数派。正如改宗布道是为了吸引不同信仰的人一样，重要的是要记住，其他宗教团体也可能影响早期的现代天主教，要么以类似于犹太教的方式，比如外部验证，要么以其他尚未探索的方式。通过这种方式，我们可以看到，早期现代天主教并不是孤立发展的，而是受到其他宗教的影响，甚至在其核心罗马。“想象中的犹太人和近代早期罗马的宗教少数群体”项目还将通过研讨会、小组讨论和出版编辑集的方式，建立一个学者网络，研究近代早期天主教核心地区宗教少数群体的影响。