The Everyday Life of German non-Jewish 'full Jews' in Nazi Germany, 1933-45

纳粹德国的德国非犹太人“纯犹太人”的日常生活，1933-45 年

• 批准号: 2698493
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: University of Edinburgh
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Studentship
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2022 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2698493
• 关键词: Everyday; Life; German; non; Jewish

The proposed project is a macro-level analysis of primary sources relating to the everyday life of non-Jewish 'Jews' in Nazi Germany, from 1933-1945. Non-Jewish 'Jews' were those who, despite not viewing themselves as either religious or secular Jews, were labelled as individuals of 'Jewish' blood by Nazi laws. These laws legislated that an individual was a 'Jew' if they were descended from a minimum of three grandparents who had been members of the Jewish religious community. In other words, the self-identity of the descendants was ignored. Most of the approximately 40,000 non-Jewish 'Jews' in Germany in 1933 had long since lived lives distinctly separate from the Jewish community and were Christian by religion. This meant that, in comparison to self-identifying Jews, they had far fewer Jewish friends and relied socially upon non-Jews. Where self-identifying Jews could turn to one another for emotional support after 1933, the current evidence suggests that non-Jewish 'Jews' lost the majority of their non-Jewish friends and often did not want, nor were welcome, to participate in Jewish community life. This PhD seeks to conduct a wide-scale qualitative analysis of the extent to which the lives of non-Jewish 'Jews' differed from those of self-identifying Jews. Primary source accounts (memoirs, interviews) by or related to non-Jewish 'Jews' are available in a number of locations. In terms of archives, access is available through the USC Shoah archives, the Wiener Holocaust Library, the British Library, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, the Leo Baeck Institute Archives, various German Bundesarchive and Staatsarchive. I have already identified several non-Jewish 'Jews' from among these archives. In addition to archival sources, primary accounts by non-Jewish 'Jews' are also found in autobiographical works, memorial books, and historical scholarly works. To complement the main qualitative component, a quantitative micro-study assessing whether it was harder for non-Jewish 'Jews' than self-identifying Jews to access emigratory organisations could easily be undertaken. This is achievable because the typical sources found within the aforementioned archives nearly always contain information about emigration, even when longer textual sources are absent. A quantitative micro-study into the social experience of non-Jewish 'Jews' is another possibility. This is achievable by comparing various organisations' membership lists (commonly available in state archives) with available lists of non-Jewish 'Jews'. Up until the present, research into the lives of German non-Jewish 'Jews' has been extremely limited. In research designed to cover the entire group labelled as 'Jewish' by the Nazis, we find such statements as those made by Ascher in his 2007 study: '[under Nazism] the Jews of Breslau sought to carry on with their lives and adjust to the restrictions on them by relying more than ever for their socializing and entertainment on the facilities of the Jewish community' (Ascher, 2007, 124). Obviously, for those who had never been members of the Jewish community, it was impossible to rely 'more than ever' on something they had never partaken of or had long since left. The Ascher example exemplifies the inapplicability of the vast majority of the field's studies to the lives of non-Jewish 'Jews'. In order to redress this imbalance, this PhD will analyse such factors and themes as spatial loss, interpersonal relations, emigration trajectories, tensions between Nazi policy and everyday reality, the breakdown of gender roles, the impact of class, the emotional significance of losing personal items, and attempts to create normality. In brief, the PhD would build heavily on such seminal works in the 'everyday life' field as Kaplan's book 'Between Dignity and Despair' (1996), Hájková and von der Heydt's book 'The Last Veit Simons' (2019), and Miron's paper (2019).

拟议的项目是对1933-1945年纳粹德国非犹太“犹太人”日常生活的主要来源进行宏观层面的分析。非犹太人的“犹太人”是指那些尽管不认为自己是宗教或世俗犹太人，但被纳粹法律标记为“犹太人”血统的人。这些法律规定，如果一个人是至少三个曾是犹太宗教社区成员的祖父母的后裔，那么他就是“犹太人”。换言之，后代的自我认同被忽视了。1933年，在德国，大约4万名非犹太人“犹太人”中的大多数人，早已过着与犹太人社区截然不同的生活，他们的宗教信仰是基督教。这意味着，与自我认同的犹太人相比，他们的犹太朋友要少得多，在社会上依赖非犹太人。1933年后，自我认同的犹太人可以相互寻求情感支持，目前的证据表明，非犹太人的“犹太人”失去了他们的大多数非犹太朋友，往往不想，也不受欢迎，参加犹太社区生活。这个博士旨在进行大规模的定性分析，在何种程度上非犹太人的生活“犹太人”不同于那些自我认同的犹太人。非犹太人的“犹太人”或与之相关的主要来源账户（回忆录，采访）在许多地方都可以找到。在档案方面，可通过南加州大学纳粹浩劫档案馆、维也纳大屠杀图书馆、大英图书馆、美国大屠杀纪念博物馆、利奥·贝克研究所档案馆、各种德国联邦档案馆和国家档案馆查阅。我已经从这些档案中确定了几个非犹太人的“犹太人”。除了档案资料外，非犹太人的“犹太人”的主要记述也见于自传体作品、纪念书籍和历史学术著作。为了补充主要的定性组成部分，定量微观研究评估是否是非犹太人的“犹太人”比自我认同的犹太人更难进入移民组织可以很容易地进行。这是可以实现的，因为在上述档案中发现的典型来源几乎总是包含有关移民的信息，即使没有更长的文本来源。对非犹太“犹太人”的社会经验进行定量微观研究是另一种可能性。这是可以通过比较各种组织的成员名单（通常在国家档案馆）与非犹太人的“犹太人”名单。到目前为止，对德国非犹太人“犹太人”生活的研究非常有限。在旨在涵盖被纳粹标记为“犹太人”的整个群体的研究中，我们发现了Ascher在2007年的研究中所做的陈述：“[在纳粹主义下]布雷斯劳的犹太人试图继续他们的生活，并通过比以往任何时候都更依赖犹太社区的设施进行社交和娱乐来适应对他们的限制”（Ascher，2007，124）。显然，对于那些从未成为犹太社区成员的人来说，不可能“比以往任何时候都更依赖”他们从未参与或早已离开的东西。阿谢尔的例子说明了该领域的绝大多数研究不适用于非犹太“犹太人”的生活。为了纠正这种不平衡，这个博士将分析空间损失，人际关系，移民轨迹，纳粹政策和日常现实之间的紧张关系，性别角色的崩溃，阶级的影响，失去个人物品的情感意义等因素和主题，并试图创造常态。简而言之，博士学位将大量建立在“日常生活”领域的开创性作品上，如Kaplan的书“尊严与绝望之间”（1996年），Hájková和von der Heydt的书“最后的Veit Simons”（2019年）和Miron的论文（2019年）。