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'Seeing' conflicts at the margins: understanding community experiences through social research and digital narrative in Kenya and Madagascar

“看到”边缘冲突：通过社会研究和数字叙事了解肯尼亚和马达加斯加的社区体验

基本信息

批准号：
AH/P005330/1
负责人：
Jeremy Lind
金额：
$ 81.32万
依托单位：
Institute of Development Studies
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2017 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FP005330%2F1
关键词：
Seeing conflicts margins understanding community

项目摘要

This project uses participatory visual and audio methods to explore the roles of communities in conflicts in places where new resource investments become entangled with longer histories of resistance, protest and violence. East Africa is experiencing a resource boom as investors seek to access to coveted deposits of oil, gas, minerals and geothermal fields. National governments portray new investments and associated infrastructure as beneficial for growth, transforming rural margins and enhancing livelihood opportunities for communities. Yet, achieving these goals on the ground is often undermined by competition for control of resources, corruption and uneven political power. There is evidence that new extractive operations often worsen tensions at the rural margins by aggravating existing contests for wealth and power and influencing new patterns of conflict. In fact, in many rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), politics around new resource developments are reconfiguring conflict dynamics, even in places with legacies of violence and unrest. To address these issues, this project bridges the social sciences (social anthropology and human geography), the humanities (history, digital arts and visual inquiry) and community-based participatory research (CBPR) to examine how different 'communities' of actors 'see' and experience resource conflicts in Kenya and Madagascar. We ask how different views, values and strategies for legitimising claims to resources shape relations around resource developments, contribute to conflict dynamics and reflect the changing character of resource conflicts in SSA more broadly. Conflict, in different forms, is always part and parcel of negotiating among different communities of actors - more so in places where ways of valuing and relating to important resources varies dramatically across different groups of government, private sector and local community stakeholders. While it is unsurprising that new large resource developments could spark new conflicts or renew tensions in places, the concerns and views of people in marginalized communities are often unseen or illegible to a wider range of actors. Governments and investors may introduce local compensation schemes and use local gatekeepers to champion 'development', though often without fully grasping community experiences of and responses to the increased presence and control of the state and non-state actors that is implied in new extractive development. The central proposition of this project is that varying, 'hidden' narratives of conflict must be recognised, understood, dialogued and shared to develop pathways through which conflict can be transformed from within and thus promote more peaceful outcomes in resource development contexts. Focusing on specific, contested resource development sites in the two project countries through deep collaboration with local researchers, community advocates and diverse members of local populations, the project will use qualitative fieldwork, a variety of participatory visual and audio methods, and textual analysis to document and analyse the views of (and differing perspectives within) different key groups of actors. We also ask how located histories of resistance, protest, co-option, and consent intersect with contemporary conflicts around resource developments. International teams will collaborate with conflict stakeholders to produce multimedia digital narratives, key outputs around which community-level, national and cross-national dialogues on conflict will be convened. Developing shared visions of what conflict is about requires 'seeing' not only as a state (the transformative potential of extractive industries), or as a private investor (need secure local consent through various means), but also the various ways of 'seeing' as someone who lives in a place where resources are found, extracted and resource claims are contested in complex ways.

该项目采用参与性视听方法，探讨社区在新资源投资与长期抵抗、抗议和暴力历史纠缠在一起的地方的冲突中的作用。随着投资者寻求获得令人垂涎的石油、天然气、矿产和地热田储量，东非正在经历一场资源热潮。各国政府将新的投资和相关基础设施描述为有利于增长、改变农村边际和增加社区生计机会。然而，在实地实现这些目标往往受到争夺资源控制权、腐败和政治权力不均的破坏。有证据表明，新的采掘活动往往加剧了对财富和权力的现有争夺，并影响到新的冲突模式，从而加剧了农村边缘地区的紧张局势。事实上，在撒哈拉以南非洲（SSA）的许多农村地区，围绕新资源开发的政治正在重新配置冲突动态，即使在暴力和动荡的地方也是如此。为了解决这些问题，该项目将社会科学（社会人类学和人文地理学），人文科学（历史，数字艺术和视觉探究）和基于社区的参与性研究（CBPR）连接起来，以研究不同的“社区”行为者如何“看到”和体验肯尼亚和马达加斯加的资源冲突。我们问不同的观点，价值观和战略，合理化索赔资源形状的关系，围绕资源开发，有助于冲突的动态，并反映在SSA资源冲突的不断变化的特点更广泛。不同形式的冲突始终是不同群体行为者之间谈判的组成部分，在政府、私营部门和当地社区利益攸关方不同群体对重要资源的估价和相关方式差异很大的地方更是如此。虽然新的大型资源开发可能引发新的冲突或重新引发地方紧张局势并不令人惊讶，但边缘化社区人民的关切和观点往往不为广大行为体所知或难以理解。政府和投资者可能会引入地方补偿计划，并利用地方看门人来支持"发展"，但往往没有充分掌握社区对新的采掘开发所隐含的国家和非国家行为者的存在和控制增加的经验和反应。该项目的核心主张是，必须认识到，理解，对话和共享冲突的各种“隐藏”叙述，以开发冲突可以从内部转化的途径，从而促进资源开发环境中更和平的结果。该项目通过与当地研究人员、社区倡导者和当地居民中的各种成员深入合作，重点关注两个项目国家中具体的、有争议的资源开发地点，将利用定性实地工作、各种参与性视听方法和文本分析，记录和分析不同关键行为体群体的观点（和内部的不同观点）。我们还问如何定位的历史的阻力，抗议，合作选择，并同意与当代围绕资源开发的冲突。国际小组将与冲突利益攸关方合作，制作多媒体数字叙述，这是社区一级、国家和跨国冲突对话的关键产出。发展关于冲突的共同愿景不仅需要“看到”一个国家（采掘业的变革潜力），或作为一个私人投资者（需要通过各种手段获得当地的同意），而且还需要以各种方式“看到”一个生活在资源被发现，开采和资源主张以复杂方式争夺的地方的人。