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How Women's Rights Became Human Rights: Gender, Socialism and Postsocialism in Global History, 1917-2017

妇女权利如何成为人权：全球历史中的性别、社会主义和后社会主义，1917-2017

基本信息

批准号：
AH/P008852/2
负责人：
Celia Donert
金额：
$ 1.69万
依托单位：
University of Cambridge
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2019
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2019 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FP008852%2F2
关键词：
How Women Rights Became Human

项目摘要

'Women's rights are human rights.' Few people would openly disagree with this statement today. Yet the United Nations did not recognise the centrality of women to its vision of universal human rights until 1993. Forty-five years after the UN adopted the Universal Declaration on Human Rights, the World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna affirmed the need to protect the rights of women. This breakthrough is typically associated with the success of US-led feminist advocacy networks at a moment when the end of the Cold War seemed to promise a new era of global democracy based on universal human rights. But, as this research project will reveal, that is only part of the story. The scope and meaning of women's rights - in employment, education, public life, marriage, reproduction, or bodily autonomy - remain deeply contested around the world. These conflicts are historical as much as they are cultural. To understand the politics of international women's rights today, we need to look back to the past. This international research project will tell the story of struggles over women's rights during the twentieth century from a new perspective. Looking beyond the history of western feminism, it asks how Second and Third World socialist women debated women's rights from the October Revolution of 1917 until today. The promise of radical emancipation for women was a central pillar of socialist ideology during the twentieth century, although there was a striking gap between the rhetoric of equality and the reality of life for women in socialist regimes, political parties, or social movements. While contemporary human rights discourses frequently present women as suffering victims of trauma and violence, socialism claimed to create women as political subjects by liberating them from structural oppression. From the perspective of post-Cold War global history, this project will revisit the role played by global socialism in internationalizing its vision of women's emancipation and asks how this reshapes our understanding of the recent history of human rights. By establishing an international network of scholars working on the history of women and gender in global socialism, the project will create a unique body of expertise that can ask how the promise of women's emancipation was interpreted in diverse but interconnected cases including official women's organisations in state socialist Eastern Europe, communist and radical leftist movements in Western Europe or the USA, Mao's cultural revolutionaries, Maoist movements in South Asia or Latin America, and socialist (including communist) parties and movements in colonial and postcolonial Africa. This project will shed light on historical actors who are marginalised within histories of globalisation. It will also allow us to reflect on the politics of writing this contested and contradictory history from the perspective of post socialist memory and nostalgia. It will explore these questions through public history workshops and by engaging local NGOs, social enterprises and secondary school pupils in debates about the global history of women's rights as human rights in the twentieth century. This will provide a basis for future collaboration between the research team and secondary school teachers of History.Through a series of academic conferences, free public events and workshops for secondary school pupils, a monograph and journal articles, and online briefing papers and video reports, this project will make a timely contribution to current debates about the history of human rights, internationalism, and humanitarianism. It seeks to transform this scholarship by exploring the alternative moral visions that were shaping global notions of rights and international order outside the liberal democratic West, and by revealing the 'problem of women' discovered by the UN in 1993 to have been central to the global history of human rights throughout the twentieth century.

“妇女的权利是人权。“今天很少有人会公开反对这一说法。然而，直到1993年，联合国才承认妇女在其普遍人权愿景中的中心地位。联合国通过《世界人权宣言》45年后，在维也纳召开的世界人权会议重申了保护妇女权利的必要性。这一突破通常与美国领导的女权主义倡导网络的成功有关，当时冷战的结束似乎预示着一个基于普遍人权的全球民主新时代。但是，正如这个研究项目将揭示的那样，这只是故事的一部分。妇女权利的范围和意义--在就业、教育、公共生活、婚姻、生育或身体自主权方面--在世界各地仍然存在深刻的争议。这些冲突既是历史的，也是文化的。为了理解当今国际妇女权利的政治，我们需要回顾过去。这一国际研究项目将从一个新的角度讲述20世纪争取妇女权利的斗争。超越西方女权主义的历史，它问第二和第三世界的社会主义妇女如何从1917年十月革命到今天的妇女权利的辩论。妇女彻底解放的承诺是20世纪社会主义意识形态的核心支柱，尽管在社会主义政权、政党或社会运动中，平等的言论与妇女的现实生活之间存在着惊人的差距。虽然当代人权话语经常将妇女描述为创伤和暴力的受害者，但社会主义声称通过将妇女从结构性压迫中解放出来，将妇女创造为政治主体。从冷战后全球历史的角度来看，这个项目将重新审视全球社会主义在国际化妇女解放的愿景中所发挥的作用，并询问这如何重塑我们对人权近代史的理解。通过建立一个研究全球社会主义中妇女和性别历史的国际学者网络，该项目将创建一个独特的专业机构，可以询问妇女解放的承诺如何在不同但相互关联的案例中解释，包括东欧国家社会主义的官方妇女组织，西欧或美国的共产主义和激进左翼运动，毛泽东的文化革命，南亚或拉丁美洲的毛主义运动，以及殖民地和后殖民地非洲的社会主义（包括共产主义）政党和运动。该项目将揭示在全球化历史中被边缘化的历史行为者。它还将使我们能够从后社会主义记忆和怀旧的角度反思书写这段有争议和矛盾的历史的政治。它将通过公共历史讲习班和让当地非政府组织、社会企业和中学生参与关于妇女权利作为二十世纪人权的全球历史的辩论来探讨这些问题。这将为研究团队和中学历史教师之间的未来合作奠定基础。通过一系列学术会议、面向中学生的免费公共活动和研讨会、专著和期刊文章、在线简报和视频报道，该项目将及时为当前关于人权、国际主义和人道主义历史的辩论做出贡献。它试图通过探索塑造自由民主西方以外的权利和国际秩序的全球概念的替代道德愿景，并通过揭示联合国在1993年发现的“妇女问题”，在整个二十世纪世纪的全球人权史中占据核心地位，来改变这种学术。