Innovative Uses of Transitional Justice in Ongoing Conflict and for Corporate Complicity

拟议的项目响应了从业者和政策制定者的请求，即利用AHRC资助的过渡司法研究合作(TJRC)设计更有效的过渡司法机制，以应对和平与人权方面的新挑战。在暴行之后，TJ已经成为加强民主、和平和人权的一套关键政策和做法。它往往针对国家行为者或类似国家的行为者(例如准军事人员或反叛军队)在独裁和武装冲突之后的滥用职权行为。最近，政策制定者和实践者开始对其进行修改，以解决两种新情况下的滥用行为：持续的武装冲突和非国家企业行为者参与过去的暴力。关于TJ的这些新用途，唯一存在的系统研究和分析是TJRC。拟议的后续项目旨在通过参与国际学术实践者合作来提高先前资助项目的价值，以设计、实施和传播有效的、经过经验检验的、针对具体情况的TJ政策，以在持续冲突的背景下促进和平，并满足受害者对伸张正义和补救公司侵犯人权行为的需求。真相与和解委员会是此类数据库中唯一跟踪跟踪1970年至2012年期间从威权统治过渡到民主或武装冲突过渡到和平的116个国家采用七种司法机制(刑事审判、赦免、真相委员会、民事审判、审查、赔偿和习惯司法)的情况。综合数据库使该小组能够就TJ在加强民主、人权与和平方面的影响产生“开创性成果”(来自圣母大学Guillermo Trejo教授的通信，2016年6月14日)。跨国数据库，如TJRC，产生全球模式和影响，但对从业人员在解决冲突和人权领域的日常工作的效用往往有限。TJRC的跨国比较和细致入微的案例研究数据和分析克服了其他研究的这一弱点。事实证明，这有助于在独特的国家背景下适应有效的政策和做法。与ANDHES的拟议伙伴关系是一个在阿根廷调整和实施TJRC模式的组织，它提供了将合作扩展到另外五个国家和其他国家的技术诀窍。在摆脱武装冲突的国家工作并试图促进人权受害者获得补救和补救的权利的从业人员需要这些模式。因此，TJRC填补了关于现有和有效模式的知识空白。与ANDHES的合作伙伴关系增加了适应这些模式的实用和后勤诀窍。然而，伙伴关系不是强加这些模式，而是响应国内和国际利益攸关方的参与需求，以适应和实施这些模式，以适应特定情况。合作旨在根据TJRC的调查结果和ANDHES在智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、危地马拉和秘鲁的经验，设计和实施适当的、针对具体情况的TJ机制。它将制定真相委员会草案、战略诉讼手册、TJ在持续冲突中的和平机制以及支持执行的模式(法庭之友、政策简报和新闻文章)。在现有合作的基础上，该伙伴关系旨在与五个国家的参与组织和主要国际组织发展合作，为TJ在持续冲突中和企业侵犯人权的情况下设计、调整、实施和传播有效的“最佳做法”。它计划发展更广泛的国际用户网络，包括潜在的新用户(特别是在南非)，以扩大该项目在全球的影响。最后，它将与这些潜在的合作伙伴合作，为今后的影响活动制定供资建议。

The proposed project responds to a request from practitioners and policy makers to use the AHRC-funded Transitional Justice Research Collaborative (TJRC) to design more effective transitional justice (TJ) mechanisms to address new challenges in peace and human rights. TJ has become the key set of policies and practices to strengthen democracy, peace, and human rights after atrocity. It has tended to target abuses by state actors or state-like actors (e.g., paramilitaries or rebel armies) in the aftermath of dictatorships and armed conflicts. Very recently policy makers and practitioners have begun adapting it to address abuses in two new contexts: ongoing armed conflict and where nonstate - business - actors participated in past violence. The only systematic research and analysis that exists on these new uses of TJ is the TJRC. The proposed follow-on project aims to enhance the value of the previously funded project by engaging in an international academic-practitioner collaboration to design, implement, and disseminate effective, empirically tested, context-specific, TJ policies to advance peace in the context of ongoing conflict and address victims' needs for justice and remedy for corporate human rights abuses. The TJRC is the only database of its kind that tracks the adoption of seven TJ mechanisms (criminal trials, amnesties, truth commissions, civil trials, vetting, reparations, and customary justice) in 116 countries that have transitioned from authoritarian rule to democracy or armed conflict to peace between 1970 and 2012. The comprehensive database allowed the team to generate 'path-breaking results' (communication from Prof Guillermo Trejo, University of Notre Dame, 14 June 2016) regarding the impact of TJ on strengthening democracy, human rights, and peace. Cross-national databases, such as the TJRC, generate global patterns and impact, but often have limited utility for practitioners' day-to-day work in the fields of conflict resolution and human rights. The TJRC's cross-national comparative and nuanced case study data and analysis overcomes this weakness of other studies. It has proved useful for adaptation to effective policy and practice in unique country contexts. The proposed partnership with ANDHES, an organization that has adapted and implemented TJRC models in Argentina, provides the know-how to extend the collaboration to five additional countries and beyond. These models are in demand by practitioners working in countries emerging from armed conflict and attempting to promote human rights' victims' rights for redress and remedy. The TJRC thus fills a void in knowledge about existing and effective models. The partnership with ANDHES adds practical and logistical know-how in adapting those models. Rather than impose these models, however, the partnership responds to a demand for engagement from domestic and international stakeholders to adapt and implement them to suit particular contexts. The collaboration aims to design and implement appropriate, context-specific, TJ mechanisms based on TJRC findings and ANDHES's experience to Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Peru. It will develop a draft truth commission, a strategic litigation manual, TJ mechanisms for peace in ongoing conflict, and models to support implementation (amicus curiae and policy briefs and news articles).Building on existing collaborations, the partnership aims to develop a collaboration with participating organizations in five countries and key international organizations to design, adapt, implement, and disseminate effective 'best practices' for TJ in ongoing conflict and for corporate human rights abuses. It plans to develop a wider international network of users, including potential new users (specifically in South Africa), to expand the impact of the project globally. Finally it will work with those potential partners to develop funding proposals for future impact activities.