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Waves of colonization around the Sea of Moyle: Linking population history, resilience and landscape change of island communities

莫伊尔海周围的殖民浪潮：将岛屿社区的人口历史、复原力和景观变化联系起来

基本信息

批准号：
AH/R012857/1
负责人：
A G Brown
金额：
$ 103.2万
依托单位：
University of Southampton
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2018
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2018 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FR012857%2F1
关键词：
Waves colonization around Sea Moyle

项目摘要

Small islands present archaeologists with the opportunity to study the sustainability and resilience of complex socioecological systems over time. Do they lack socioecological resilience as argued by Petzold (2017) or Ellwood (1968) "over one thousand people crowding on to Rathlin's flat windswept mass is almost an insult to nature". This project will investigate and reveal the changing landscapes, environment and population history of 6 small islands around the Sea of Moyle over the last three millennia. Today the North Channel of the Irish Sea is seen as a remote and border zone between Scotland and Ireland. In the past this was not the case, and the Sea of Moyle or Sruth na Maoile (Scots Gaelic and Irish), was at various times a coherent and central geographic region crossed by sea voyagers as part of a sea-highway and linked by culture and kinship. The area was also a major gateway into Ireland and Scotland from the early Mesolithic to the post-Medieval Period. Following on from a pilot study on the island of Rathlin, this project will compare the archaeological and historical evidence of changing demography and environment between the islands (Rathlin, Tory, Arran, Islay, Gigha & Colonsay) that superficially share a common history of colonization, but are geographically and topographically diverse. There is also a wide variation in the archaeological information base from recent and high (Rathlin) to minimal/unknown (Gigha). All have evidence of being both occupied and defended within the Iron Age and all six saw the establishment of early Christian communities. At least 5 of the islands were within the Dalriada (Dál Riata) over-Kingdom in the 6th to early 7thC, and all were subject to early Viking Raids and then formed part of the Scandinavian Sudreyjar, or "Southern Isles" for the next 400 years. The later Medieval and post Medieval history of the islands is more complex and divergent but lastly all six islands saw major, if not remarkable, well-documented changes in population over the last 300 years. The size of these islands, and weather-related isolation, can exacerbate social and environmental shifts and one aim is to investigate whether the preceding environmental and economic history of the islands conditioned their response to external pressures such as new colonisers (the Vikings) or population changes (18th-19th C). These massive changes in population (1 to 66 persons km2) are well recorded by abandoned crofts, villages, field systems and even alien plant species which have recently been surveyed. We also have evidence from previous studies that least four of the six islands have high potential for environmental archaeology and particularly the utilization of lake sediments from lochs. Importantly all islands have had recent archaeological surveys or are undergoing current survey (Tory Island). The project will be the first to explicitly compare archaeological proxies from islands in the same region with archaeological and historical data. It will also trial some new techniques (sedaDNA and biomarkers) in a controlled archaeological setting where we have the optimum chance to verify data and avoid reinforcement syndrome. The islands offer the best potential we can have to test new population proxies including feacal sterols, diatom-derived phosphorous proxy as well as sedimentary C:N and stable isotope ratios. Chironomid-derived temperature reconstructions will provide the climatic background. This project will be the first to adopt a regional-scale approach to a past political entity designed to address these issues via a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach. We will integrate archaeological, palaeoenvironmental archives (including ancient DNA and biomarkers) in the search for the signature of colonization and human responses to environmental stresses in small island communities off the western Coast of Greater Britain.

小岛屿为考古学家提供了研究复杂社会生态系统随着时间的推移的可持续性和弹性的机会。他们是否像Petzold(2017)或Ellwood(1968)所说的那样缺乏社会生态弹性？“1000多人挤在Rathlin的平坦的狂风肆虐的大片土地上，几乎是对自然的侮辱”。该项目将调查和揭示莫伊尔海周围6个小岛在过去3000年中不断变化的景观、环境和人口历史。今天，爱尔兰海的北海峡被视为苏格兰和爱尔兰之间的偏远边境区。过去情况并非如此，莫伊尔海或Sruth na Maoile(苏格兰人、盖尔人和爱尔兰人)在不同时期是一个连贯的中心地理区域，海上旅行者作为海上公路的一部分穿过该区域，并通过文化和亲属关系联系在一起。从中石器时代早期到中世纪后时期，该地区也是通往爱尔兰和苏格兰的主要门户。在对Rathlin岛进行初步研究之后，该项目将比较这些岛屿(Rathlin、Tory、Arran、Islay、Gigha和Colonsay)之间的考古和历史证据，这些岛屿表面上有共同的殖民史，但在地理和地形上却不同。考古信息库也有很大的差异，从最近的和高的(Rathlin)到最小的/未知的(Gigha)。所有这些都有证据表明，他们在铁器时代既被占领又被保卫，所有六个人都看到了早期基督教社区的建立。在公元前6世纪到7世纪初，至少有5个岛屿位于达里亚达(DáL Riata)王国的管辖范围内，所有岛屿都受到了早期维京人的袭击，然后在接下来的400年里形成了斯堪的纳维亚苏德雷贾尔群岛的一部分，或称“南部岛屿”。这些岛屿后来的中世纪和后中世纪历史更加复杂和不同，但最后，所有六个岛屿的人口在过去300年中都发生了重大的、如果不是显著的、有充分记录的变化。这些岛屿的规模，以及与天气有关的孤立，可能会加剧社会和环境的变化，一个目的是调查这些岛屿以前的环境和经济史是否制约了它们对外部压力的反应，例如新殖民者(北欧海盗)或人口变化(18-19 C)。这些人口的巨大变化(1至66人平方公里)被最近调查的废弃种植园、村庄、农田系统甚至外来植物物种很好地记录下来。我们还从以前的研究中获得证据，表明这六个岛屿中至少有四个具有很高的环境考古潜力，特别是利用湖泊沉积物的潜力。重要的是，所有岛屿都进行了最近的考古调查或正在进行目前的调查(托里岛)。该项目将是第一个明确将同一地区岛屿的考古代理与考古和历史数据进行比较的项目。它还将在受控的考古环境中试验一些新技术(sedaDNA和生物标记物)，在那里我们有最好的机会核实数据，避免加固综合症。这些岛屿提供了最好的潜力来测试新的种群代用品，包括Feacal类固醇、硅藻衍生的磷代用品以及沉积C：N和稳定的同位素比率。摇摆体衍生的温度重建将提供气候背景。该项目将是第一个对过去的政治实体采取区域范围办法的项目，旨在通过全面和跨学科的办法解决这些问题。我们将整合考古、古环境档案(包括古代DNA和生物标志物)，在大英国西海岸外的小岛屿社区寻找殖民特征和人类对环境压力的反应。