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Celtic Connections and Crannogs: A new Study of Lake Settlements Across the Irish Sea

凯尔特人与克兰诺格斯的联系：对爱尔兰海沿岸湖泊定居点的一项新研究

基本信息

批准号：
AH/M005259/1
负责人：
A G Brown
金额：
$ 89.71万
依托单位：
University of Southampton
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2015
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2015 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FM005259%2F1
关键词：
Celtic Connections Crannogs new Study

项目摘要

Around 3000 years ago communities in Scotland & Ireland started building islands called 'crannogs' in lakes & mires, a practise that in places continued into the Medieval Period. Why & how did these sites fit into the emerging Celtic landscapes we still see today? Crannogs show a distinctly westerly distribution being absent in England, with one in Wales, but common in Scotland (400) & Ireland (1500). Being under water these sites can have remarkable preservation of perishable artifacts, but because they are rarely in the path of development few have been excavated, however, many are under threat from erosion, pollution & natural decay. The recent discovery of a crannog with near-perfect preservation of artefacts due to road construction at Enniskillen (Drumclay) & another superbly preserved wetland village in Dumfreis & Galloway (Black Loch of Murton) offer rare glimpses of their archaeological potential & provides a unique opportunity for this project. Although crannogs can be found from the Scottish Islands to the SW of Ireland the central point in the distribution is the North Channel of the Irish Sea, separating Dumfreis & Galloway from Antrim & Down. There are many cultural links between these regions particularly in the Iron Age & early Medieval Periods. Was Medieval Christian and/or noble connection founded upon earlier Iron Age cultural links & is this reflected in vernacular traditions including crannog construction? In order to answer these questions & explore the common lake-settlement heritage we need to know more about the chronology, longevity, intensity of use & environmental context of these enigmatic sites. The fact that in both areas their construction spanned over two millennia suggests there is no single stimuli for construction, however, indications of parallel chronologies may have implications for cultural, political, symbolic & environmental stimuli. This project takes to a new level previous research by the applicants which developed a new methodology for 'remote sensing' crannog construction & inhabitation through the analysis of lake sediment cores. This involved a multi-proxy approach utilising pollen, diatoms & insects which relied on the inevitable disturbance to the biology of small lakes caused by crannog construction/use. This project will go far further by applying these techniques alongside a new generation of bioarchaeological methods, particularly geochemistry, lipid biomarkers & DNA metabarcoding in conjunction with archaeological excavation, landscape survey & community involvement. A major limitation of previous work was that none of the crannogs remote sensed were excavated. One of the most variable aspects of crannog archaeology is longevity of use. Recent excavation at Cults Loch (SW Scotland) suggests it may have been in use for no more than half a century with construction in pulses. Whereas indications from Drumclay suggests it may have been occupied for several centuries. An allied question is the intensity of use - were they dwellings & if so used seasonally, episodically or permanently? It is clear that longevity & intensity are key variables but since only a few crannogs will ever be excavated we need additional estimates from unexcavated crannogs. Site ages will be established using 14C AMS dating from lake cores, volcanic ash & tree-ring counts. Improvements in crannog dating each side of the Irish Sea will have important implications for understanding the stimuli for crannog construction since correlation may relate to common environmental conditions, especially under the unstable climatic conditions of the later prehistory & the sixth century AD. Although primarily a survey & environmental project, material culture will be compared as part of the survey element & partnership with excavations. Material culture from structures to portable artefacts are invaluable for understanding the cultural context of crannog use from agricultural implements to religious items.

大约3000年前，苏格兰和爱尔兰的社区开始在湖泊和沼泽中建造名为CRANNOGS的岛屿，这一做法在一些地方一直延续到中世纪。为什么&这些遗址是如何融入我们今天仍能看到的新兴凯尔特景观中的？在英格兰没有明显的西风分布，威尔士有一只，但在苏格兰(400只)和爱尔兰(1500只)很常见。在水下，这些遗址可以很好地保存易腐烂的文物，但由于它们很少处于开发道路上，很少被挖掘，然而，许多遗址都面临着侵蚀、污染和自然腐烂的威胁。最近，在邓弗里斯和加洛韦(默顿黑湖)的另一个保存完好的湿地村庄Ennisicien(DrumClay)发现了一处由于道路建设而保存近乎完美的古迹，这为他们的考古潜力提供了难得的一瞥，为这个项目提供了一个独特的机会。虽然从苏格兰群岛到爱尔兰西南部都可以发现克朗格，但分布的中心点是爱尔兰海的北海峡，将邓弗里斯和加洛韦与安特里姆和邓恩分开。这些地区之间有许多文化联系，特别是在铁器时代和中世纪早期。中世纪的基督教和/或贵族之间的联系是建立在铁器时代早期的文化联系上的吗？这一点是否反映在当地的传统中，包括克朗格建筑？为了回答这些问题，探索共同的湖泊聚落遗产，我们需要更多地了解这些神秘遗址的年代、寿命、使用强度和环境背景。在这两个地区，它们的建造跨越了两千年，这一事实表明，建造并不是单一的刺激，然而，平行年代的迹象可能会对文化、政治、象征和环境刺激产生影响。该项目将申请者先前的研究提升到一个新的水平，通过分析湖泊沉积岩心，开发了一种新的遥感裂缝建设方法&居住。这涉及到一种利用花粉、硅藻和昆虫的多代理方法，这些方法依赖于碎屑建造/使用对小湖泊生物造成的不可避免的干扰。该项目将更进一步，将这些技术与新一代生物考古方法，特别是地球化学、脂类生物标记物和DNA元生物编码与考古挖掘、景观调查和社区参与结合起来。以前工作的一个主要限制是没有挖掘到遥感的碎屑。克朗古考古最易变的方面之一就是使用寿命。最近在苏格兰西南部的Cluts Loch进行的发掘表明，它可能只使用了不超过半个世纪，建筑速度很快。而来自德拉姆克莱的迹象表明，它可能已经被占领了几个世纪。一个相关的问题是使用的强度--它们是住宅&如果是季节性的，每隔一段时间使用还是永久使用？很明显，寿命和强度是关键变量，但由于只有几个碎屑会被挖掘出来，我们需要从未挖掘的碎屑中进行额外的估计。根据湖心、火山灰和树木年轮计数的14C AMS测年，将确定地点年龄。爱尔兰海两侧碎屑测年的改进将对理解碎屑建造的刺激因素具有重要意义，因为相关性可能与共同的环境条件有关，特别是在史前晚期&公元6世纪不稳定的气候条件下。虽然主要是调查和环境项目，但物质文化将作为调查元素的一部分进行比较&与挖掘合作。从结构到便携式手工艺品的物质文化对于理解从农具到宗教物品使用CRANNOG的文化背景来说是非常宝贵的。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（8）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

New integrated molecular approaches for understanding lake settlements in NW Europe

DOI：
发表时间：
2022
期刊：
影响因子：
0
作者：
A. Brown;T. Fonville;M. Hardenbroek;G. Cavers;Anne;Crone;F. McCormick;E. Murray;H. Mackay;N. Whitehouse;Andrew;C. Henderson;P. Barratt;K. Davies;K. Head;P. Langdon;I. Alsos;D. Pirrie
通讯作者：
A. Brown;T. Fonville;M. Hardenbroek;G. Cavers;Anne;Crone;F. McCormick;E. Murray;H. Mackay;N. Whitehouse;Andrew;C. Henderson;P. Barratt;K. Davies;K. Head;P. Langdon;I. Alsos;D. Pirrie

A Lake Dwelling in Its Landscape: Iron Age settlement at Cults Loch, Castle Kennedy, Dumfries & Galloway

风景如画的湖畔住宅：铁器时代定居点 Cults Loch、肯尼迪城堡、邓弗里斯