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Feast and Famine: Confronting Overabundance and Defectivity in Language

盛宴与饥荒：面对语言的过剩与缺陷

基本信息

批准号：
AH/T002859/1
负责人：
Neil Bermel
金额：
$ 101.19万
依托单位：
University of Sheffield
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2020 至无数据
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FT002859%2F1
关键词：
Feast Famine Confronting Overabundance Defectivity

项目摘要

Every day, as we use language, we unconsciously select forms of words that feel "right" for what we want to say. Occasionally, however, multiple forms may compete for a slot, such as the participle of 'prove' (have proved? have proven?); here, users find both forms adequate, although each of us might only use one of them. Elsewhere, we lack a suitable form where one is expected: we may baulk at forming the past tense of the verb 'troubleshoot', where we have a "slot" (past tense of a particular word) but no form that can adequately fill it (troubleshot? troubleshooted?).These examples of "feast" (multiple forms) and "famine" (no forms) show that selecting the "right" word form is not a process of mechanically mapping from function to form; instead, users weigh and select forms from a basket of those available to us, sometimes keeping around more forms than necessary and sometimes failing to find a form that works for us. Linguists term the first sort of mismatch 'overabundance', and the second sort 'defectivity'. These mismatches cause difficulty for traditional linguistic theories, which assume that each form we use fulfils one function, and that each function can be fulfilled by one form. For the most part, this is true: if adult native speakers need a past tense of the verb 'choose', they head unerringly for 'chose', never *choosed or *chost. This results in an assumption that inflection (form-selection) is automatic, judgement-free, and innate rather than learned. Language handbooks then write this assumption into practice, describing forms and features very differently from how a speaker might actually use them. Defectivity and overabundance have traditionally been treated as separate phenomena, arising in different circumstances that explain their divergent outcomes. Our project highlights the commonalities in these circumstances - it is the outcomes (multiple forms or none) that mark them as distinct. Using data from morphologically complex languages - Czech, Croatian, Estonian and a further language chosen by the PDRA - we explore a fundamental question: which factors push users and models of use down one or the other path? We converge on an answer by considering multiple perspectives: - The Czech National Corpus Institute will use CORPUS DATA, particularly from more "naturalistic" subtitle corpora, to uncover new methods for identifying competition (overabundance) and gaps (defectivity) in the "real world" of texts: their methods (collocation, keymorph analysis, frequency distribution) will be refined, elaborated and tested on project languages via experimental and computational methods. - Sheffield will use EXPERIMENTAL DATA from adult native speakers to examine language users' reactions to overabundance and defectivity by confronting them in similarly structured tests - which show in what way our reactions are (or are not) measurably different to these two slot types. These data will also help assess aspects of SOCIOLINGUISTIC VARIATION, such as education and reading skills. - York will test, refine and develop COMPUTATIONAL MODELS OF INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY to see how they handle and predict overabundant and defective slots. - Zagreb and York will collect LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DATA in naturalistic and experimental settings to illuminate how learners make sense of "messy" data such as those found in overabundant and defective slots. Overabundance and defectivity will be examined as potentially differing, temporary responses to structures of uncertain predictability. As an integral part of the project, staff in Zagreb and Prague will translate our findings into GUIDELINES for language users, feeding directly into public-facing language resources such as online dictionaries and handbooks of the target languages. Instead of seeing idealised systems that linguists project for them, as at present, speakers will get information on how their language is used in a clear and user-friendly format.

每天，当我们使用语言时，我们都会无意识地选择感觉“正确”的词来表达我们想要说的话。然而，有时候，多种形式可能会争夺一个位置，如'prove'的分词（已经证明？已证明？）;在这里，用户认为两种形式都足够了，尽管我们每个人可能只使用其中一种。在其他地方，我们缺乏一个合适的形式，其中一个是预期的：我们可能会阻碍形成动词的过去式'，在那里我们有一个'槽'（过去式的一个特定的词），但没有形式，可以充分填补它（alphohot？被解雇？）。这些“盛宴”（多种形式）和“饥荒”（没有形式）的例子表明，选择“正确”的词形式并不是一个从功能到形式的机械映射过程;相反，用户从一篮子可用的形式中权衡和选择形式，有时保留了比必要的更多的形式，有时找不到适合我们的形式。语言学家称第一种错配为“过剩”，第二种错配为“缺陷”。这些不匹配给传统的语言学理论带来了困难，传统的语言学理论认为我们使用的每一种形式都实现了一种功能，而每一种功能都可以通过一种形式来实现。在大多数情况下，这是真的：如果成年人的母语需要一个动词的过去式'abuse'，他们会准确地选择'chose'，而不是 * abused或 *chost。这导致了一个假设，即屈折变化（形式选择）是自动的，无判断的，与生俱来的，而不是后天习得的。语言手册将这一假设付诸实践，描述的形式和特征与说话者实际使用它们的方式非常不同。缺陷和过剩传统上被视为不同的现象，产生于不同的环境，解释了它们不同的结果。我们的项目突出了这些情况下的共性-这是结果（多种形式或没有），标志着他们作为不同的。使用数据从形态复杂的语言-捷克语，克罗地亚语，爱沙尼亚语和PDRA选择的另一种语言-我们探索一个基本的问题：哪些因素推动用户和使用模式的一个或另一个路径？通过考虑多个角度，我们得出了一个答案：-捷克国家语料库研究所将使用语料库数据，特别是来自更“自然主义”的字幕语料库的数据，以发现识别竞争的新方法（过剩）和差距（缺陷）在“真实的世界”的文本：他们的方法（搭配，键形分析，频率分布）将通过实验和计算方法在项目语言上进行改进，阐述和测试。- 谢菲尔德将使用来自成年母语者的实验数据，通过在类似结构的测试中面对语言使用者来检查他们对过多和缺陷的反应-这些测试显示了我们的反应在哪些方面与这两种插槽类型有（或没有）可测量的不同。这些数据也将有助于评估社会语言变异的各个方面，如教育和阅读技能。- 约克将测试，完善和发展反弯形态的预测模型，看看他们如何处理和预测过剩和有缺陷的插槽。- 萨格勒布和约克将在自然主义和实验环境中收集语言习得数据，以阐明学习者如何理解“混乱”的数据，例如在过多和有缺陷的插槽中发现的数据。过剩和缺陷将被视为对不确定的可预测性结构的潜在不同的临时反应。作为该项目的一个组成部分，萨格勒布和布拉格的工作人员将把我们的研究结果翻译成语言用户指南，直接输入面向公众的语言资源，如在线词典和目标语言手册。与目前语言学家为他们设计的理想化系统不同，说话者将以清晰和用户友好的格式获得有关他们语言使用方式的信息。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（10）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Explorations of morphological structure in distributional space

DOI：
10.1075/ml.00021.baa
发表时间：
2023-11
期刊：
The Mental Lexicon
影响因子：
0
作者：
Harald Baayen;Dunstan Brown;Yu-Ying Chuang
通讯作者：
Harald Baayen;Dunstan Brown;Yu-Ying Chuang

<i>Täitsa lambist</i>: Evidence of ongoing case grammaticalisation from teenagers' and adults' spoken language

<i>Täitsa Lampist</i>：来自青少年和成人口语的持续格语法化的证据

DOI：
10.12697/jeful.2023.14.2.12
发表时间：
2023
期刊：
Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics
影响因子：
0
作者：
Aigro M
通讯作者：
Aigro M

Introduction

介绍

DOI：
10.1007/978-3-030-45763-1_1
发表时间：
2020-05-28
期刊：
Jefferson’s Revolutionary Theory and the Reconstruction of Educational Purpose
影响因子：
0
作者：
Burch KT
通讯作者：
Burch KT

Ideal and real paradigms: language users, reference works and corpora

理想范式和真实范式：语言使用者、参考书和语料库