Legitimacy, accountability, victims' participation and reparation in transitional justice settings - lessons from and for Colombia

过渡时期司法环境中的合法性、问责制、受害者参与和赔偿——哥伦比亚的经验教训

基本信息

批准号：
AH/T007737/1
负责人：
Sabine Michalowski
金额：
$ 16.56万
依托单位：
University of Essex
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2020
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2020 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FT007737%2F1
关键词：
Legitimacy accountability victims participation reparation

项目摘要

It is widely accepted that Transitional Justice (TJ) contributes to building peace, preventing new conflict and promoting the rights of victims of conflict. It can also help to identify the root causes of inequality and marginalisation. It can therefore enhance development in various ways: through promoting the rule of law, strengthening institutions, increasing access to justice, reducing inequalities and promoting gender equality. The currently predominant view is that a holistic approach to TJ needs to be adopted after periods of armed conflict in which massive human rights violations occurred, based on a coexistence of mechanisms of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence. However, it is not yet clearly understood how to resolve the possible tensions between the different components of this approach and how to put it into practice successfully so that the legitimacy of a TJ process is enhanced rather than undermined. It is equally still an open question what would be necessary for TJ to have a positive effect on development.Colombia is the first country worldwide that designed a TJ process that aims to put into practice the theory of the holistic approach to TJ. This puts to the forefront novel questions of far-reaching significance for achieving peace, strengthening institutions, and improving the situation of victims of conflict who are often the most disempowered in a society. The legitimacy of the justice component of the Colombian TJ process, the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (SJP), has been highly contested from the outset. This has partly been due to the fact that, in implementing the holistic approach to TJ, it provides the perpetrators of mass atrocities with special sanctions (that do not include imprisonment) in exchange for truth, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence. Among the supporters of the SJP, this approach is regarded as legitimate because of its "victim-centred" focus which is meant to ensure that procedures are designed and undertaken so that victims can participate effectively at every stage and have a say on how to best satisfy their rights to truth, justice and reparation throughout. Its opponents regard this as impunity.The SJP is only in its second year and this early stage of its operation provides a unique opportunity to analyse the potential and challenges of the implementation of some of the features of the holistic approach to TJ in practice. Such an analysis is of crucial importance at this particular point in time, as it will feed back into the Colombian peace-building process while it evolves, and it will also inform academic debate and the formulation of future TJ processes worldwide, which primarily take place in LMIC and therefore have an important link to development. Through various research methods, in particular semi-structured interviews, focus groups and participant observation in public hearings, we will collect and process original data on how the implementation of the holistic approach to TJ in Colombia is perceived by victims and other key stakeholders, and in particular on what they perceive as the main issues that weaken or increase the legitimacy of the justice process as carried out by the SJP. We will add to the existing academic literature through our analysis of the novel Colombian approach to TJ and lessons to be learned from it. Our research also aims at informing TJ practice, both in Colombia and internationally. In Colombia through briefing papers specifically aimed at assisting the SJP in addressing pressing questions such as how to operationalise victim participation and the restorative component of the special sanctions in a way that maximises their legitimacy, and how to define key legal concepts such as the criteria according to which cases are selected for investigation.

过渡司法（TJ）有助于建立和平，防止新的冲突并促进冲突受害者的权利，这是广泛接受的。它还可以帮助确定不平等和边缘化的根本原因。因此，它可以以各种方式增强发展：通过促进法治，加强制度，增加司法的机会，减少不平等和促进性别平等。目前的主要观点是，在武装冲突期间，需要采用一种对TJ的整体方法，在这种情况下，基于真理机制，正义，赔偿和非持续性的保证的共存，发生了严重的侵犯人权行为。但是，尚不清楚如何解决该方法的不同组成部分以及如何成功实践之间的可能紧张局势，以便增强TJ过程的合法性而不是破坏。同样，TJ对发展具有积极影响是一个悬而未决的问题。Colombia是全球第一个设计TJ过程的国家，旨在实践TJ的整体方法理论。这使得对实现和平，加强制度以及改善冲突受害者的状况的最深远的意义构成了最前沿的新问题，这些问题通常是社会中最不符合权力的。哥伦比亚TJ进程的正义部分的合法性是和平的特殊管辖权（SJP），从一开始就引起了极大的争议。这部分是由于以下事实：在实施TJ的整体方法时，它为群众暴行的肇事者提供了特殊的制裁（不包括监禁），以换取真理，赔偿和非持续性的保证。在SJP的支持者中，这种方法被认为是合法的，因为其“以受害者为中心”的重点是确保程序的设计和进行，以便受害者可以在每个阶段有效地参与，并就如何充分满足其对真理，正义和赔偿的权利有发言权。它的对手认为这是有罪不罚的。SJP仅在第二年，并且在运营的早期阶段提供了一个独特的机会，可以分析实施TJ在实践中实施整体方法的某些特征的潜在和挑战。这种分析在这个特定的时间点至关重要，因为它将在演变的同时回到哥伦比亚和平建设过程中，并且还将为学术辩论和全球未来TJ过程的提出依据，这主要在LMIC中发生，因此与发展具有重要联系。通过各种研究方法，特别是半结构化的访谈，焦点小组和公开听证会的参与者观察，我们将收集和处理有关哥伦比亚全面对TJ的实施如何被受害者和其他主要利益相关者所感知的，尤其是在削弱或增加正义进程的主要问题上，他们将其视为正义进程的主要问题。我们将通过分析哥伦比亚新颖的TJ方法和从中学到的课程来增加现有的学术文献。我们的研究还旨在在哥伦比亚和国际上为TJ实践提供信息。在哥伦比亚，通过简报，专门旨在协助SJP解决诸如如何运作受害者参与和特殊制裁的恢复组成部分，以最大化其合法性以及如何定义关键法律概念（例如根据该案例选择进行调查）等关键法律概念的方式。