Europe's Last Peasant War: Violence and Revolution in Austria-Hungary and its Successors, 1917-1945

欧洲最后的农民战争：奥匈帝国及其继承者的暴力与革命，1917-1945 年

• 批准号: AH/V004093/1
• 负责人: Jakub Benes
• 金额: $ 26.54万
• 依托单位: University College London
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2021 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FV004093%2F1
• 关键词: Europe; Last; Peasant; War; Violence

'Europe's last peasant war' aims to reinterpret the most violent decades of European history from the perspective of the countryside. Peasants were not just passive victims of the calamities in the era of World Wars that killed around 30 million people; they helped shape the 'age of catastrophe' with violence and anti-urban political initiatives. East Central Europe, the most volatile region of the continent in the last century, was the most important battleground in this struggle. The project focuses on the area of the Habsburg Empire and its successors since the peasants of these lands shared a common experience of the First World War and found themselves in new and beleaguered interwar states. This makes the peasant histories of this region both connected and consequential; placing them at the centre of Europe's twentieth-century history through transnational research is the project's main goal.The PI Dr Jakub Benes and Co-I Professor Petra Svoljsak will pursue archival research in four countries formerly in the Habsburg Empire in order to illuminate decisive episodes and paradigmatic fighters in this 'peasant war'. In Croatia, we will investigate the peasant revolt of autumn 1918 that was initiated by deserters from the Austro-Hungarian army and which led to the establishment of local peasant republics and made rural populism into a major force in interwar Yugoslavia. In Slovenia, the team will reconstruct the career of Alfonz Sarh, a peasant leader of paramilitary deserters in the First World War who then oscillated between extreme nationalism and communism and died as a partisan hero in 1943. In Czech Moravia and Slovakia, we will examine the fate of local national guard units and the Slovacko Brigade, a volunteer regiment formed in 1918 of thousands of peasant deserters, in order to understand how peasants could rally to the Czechoslovak cause immediately at the war's end and then embrace anti-state rural radicalism in the 1920s.These largely forgotten stories will be contextualised in a larger narrative of the countryside in 1917-1945 through extensive literature review and with the help of a Research Assistant (RA) working on Hungarian-language sources. The RA will focus his/her efforts on investigating rural unrest in Hungary in 1918 and on the peasantry's response to the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919. An advisory board chosen from prominent historians and cultural heritage experts will help steer the project's research and dissemination strategies. The team will establish partnerships with museums in Varazdin, Croatia; Maribor, Slovenia; and Skalica, Slovakia in order to organise a traveling exhibition that will highlight how episodes of local history, especially those relating to peasant deserters of the First World War, were actually part of an interconnected and important transnational story. This will allow the project's findings to reach a non-academic audience and help regional museum curators forge international networks. Such partnerships will likely lead to further valuable findings. The project's results will be published in a major single-authored monograph and three refereed journal articles: one co-authored by the PI and Co-I, another co-authored by the PI and RA, and a third single-authored by the Co-I.After two years of funding, 'Europe's last peasant war' will have: 1. Offered a new peasant perspective on Europe in the era of World Wars; 2. Demonstrated the importance of studying the 'age of catastrophe' from the perspective of peasant villagers; 3. Provided crucial historical perspective on urban-rural divides at a time when they appear to be defining European politics; 4. Shown to east central European audiences that their rural regional histories belong on a broad international canvas.

《欧洲最后的农民战争》旨在从农村的角度重新解释欧洲历史上最暴力的几十年。农民不仅是世界大战时期造成约3000万人死亡的灾难的被动受害者;他们还通过暴力和反城市政治倡议帮助塑造了“灾难时代”。中东欧是上个世纪欧洲大陆最动荡的地区，也是这场斗争中最重要的战场。该项目的重点是哈布斯堡帝国及其继承者的地区，因为这些土地上的农民分享了第一次世界大战的共同经历，并发现自己处于新的和陷入困境的两次世界大战之间的国家。这使得这一地区的农民历史既相互联系又相互影响;通过跨国研究将他们置于欧洲二十世纪历史的中心是该项目的主要目标。PI博士Jakub Benes和Co-I教授Petra Svoljsak将在前哈布斯堡帝国的四个国家进行档案研究，以阐明这场“农民战争”中的决定性事件和典范战士。在克罗地亚，我们将探讨1918年秋季由奥匈帝国军队逃兵发起的农民起义，这场起义导致了当地农民共和国的建立，并使农村民粹主义成为两次世界大战之间南斯拉夫的主要力量。在斯洛文尼亚，该团队将重建阿方索·萨尔的职业生涯，他是第一次世界大战中准军事逃兵的农民领袖，然后在极端民族主义和共产主义之间摇摆不定，并于1943年作为党派英雄去世。在捷克的摩拉维亚和斯洛伐克，我们将考察当地国民警卫队和1918年由数千名农民逃兵组成的志愿团“阿拉克科旅”的命运，为了理解农民如何能在战争结束后立即团结起来支持捷克斯洛伐克的事业，然后拥抱反20世纪20年代的乡村激进主义。这些基本上被遗忘的故事将被置于1917年乡村的更大叙述中-1945年，通过广泛的文献综述，并在研究助理（RA）的帮助下，对匈牙利语来源进行研究。RA将集中精力调查1918年匈牙利的农村骚乱和1919年农民对匈牙利苏维埃共和国的反应。从著名历史学家和文化遗产专家中选出的一个咨询委员会将帮助指导该项目的研究和传播战略。该团队将与克罗地亚瓦拉兹丁、斯洛文尼亚马里博尔和斯洛伐克斯卡利察的博物馆建立合作伙伴关系，以组织一次巡回展览，重点介绍当地历史，特别是与第一次世界大战农民逃兵有关的历史，实际上是一个相互关联的重要跨国故事的一部分。这将使该项目的研究结果能够接触到非学术受众，并帮助区域博物馆馆长建立国际网络。这种伙伴关系可能会导致进一步的宝贵研究结果。该项目的结果将发表在一个主要的单一作者的专著和三个参考期刊文章：一个由PI和Co-I共同撰写，另一个由PI和RA共同撰写，第三个由Co-I单独撰写。提供了一个新的农民的角度来看欧洲在世界大战的时代; 2。论证了从农民视角研究“灾难时代”的重要性;在城乡差距似乎正在定义欧洲政治的时候，为城乡差距提供了重要的历史视角; 4.向中东欧观众展示了他们的乡村历史属于广阔的国际画布。