Latin America and the peripheral origins of nineteenth-century international order

关于国际秩序状况的辩论已经从学术期刊跃升到报纸的头版，并成为担心持续合作以应对全球挑战的政策制定者的言论。国际秩序--一种有助于构建世界政治结构的国际规范、制度和实践的综合体--据悉受到新大国崛起的外部挑战，并因关键国家支持的空心化而从内部削弱。这种关注推动了学术界更好地理解国际秩序的基础和演变，并批评该秩序的仁慈假设。支撑今天秩序的许多规范、制度和做法出现在19世纪；形成秩序的大国交易与帝国的扩张和种族等级制度的强加交织在一起。全球历史和国际关系的学者越来越多地将十九世纪理解为发展国际秩序的关键时刻。这个项目试图更好地了解拉丁美洲在这一进程中的作用--拉丁美洲国家是如何塑造的，它们与这些基础性国际项目的互动又是如何塑造它们的？鉴于拉美在这段时期的地位--主要是独立的，但没有大国，在欧洲国际社会中处于边缘地位--拉丁美洲基本上没有参加有关国际秩序的讨论，也没有从拉美与美国关系的角度来看待它。如果我们想要更好地理解国际秩序项目与其核心之外的国家之间的关系，这种缺席很重要。我们的研究将进一步偏离对国际秩序创建的理解，并考察外围影响的制约和可能性。这一时期也是拉丁美洲国家巩固和国际插入的关键时期。拉丁美洲在19世纪一直被认为是一个狭隘的死水；然而，最近对政治思想史的学术研究表明，自由主义和共和主义的项目和实践充满活力。反过来，法律史强调了法律传统及其对国家形成和国际关系的影响方式的相关性。然而，对于国内实践和国际实践是如何联系在一起的，我们仍然知之甚少；因此，我们建议考察“拉美共和国际主义”，以此为视角来审视国内政治是如何在外交实践中表现出来的。这项研究将使全球历史学家、国际关系学者以及拉丁美洲19世纪共和主义和自由主义历史学家受益。该项目将通过阿根廷、巴西、哥伦比亚、墨西哥和美国的原始档案研究来考察1864-1919年的这些发展。我们将聚焦国际和地区峰会、创建国际组织等关键时刻，重新参与该地区的国际智力潮流。我们寻求更好地理解共和主义和自由主义如何塑造拉丁美洲的外交做法，拉丁美洲的边缘地位如何影响其参与建立秩序的项目，以及其提议可能如何影响多边主义的做法。最初阶段始于第一次日内瓦会议，标志着拉丁美洲的国内巩固和国际经济融入程度不断提高。在全球层面上，它的特点是早期建立国际公共联盟和更大的帝国间国际秩序建设项目。大约从1889年开始，我们进入了第二个阶段，在这个阶段，不同的外交倡议开始融合为类似于今天的国际组织的形式。其中许多机构今天存在，或在第二次世界大战后的机构架构中重生。

Debates about the state of the international order have leapt from academic journals to the front pages of newspapers and into the discourses of policymakers concerned about sustaining cooperation to address global challenges. International order-a complex of international norms, institutions, and practices that helps structure world politics-is understood to be challenged from without by the rise of new powers and weakened from within by a hollowing out of support from key states. This attention has driven scholarly attempts to better understand international order's foundation and evolution-and to criticize assumptions of that order's beneficence. Many of the norms, institutions, and practices that underpin today's order emerged in the nineteenth century; the great power bargains that shaped the order were intertwined with the expansion of empires and imposition of racial hierarchies. Scholarship in both global history and international relations increasingly understands the nineteenth century as a pivotal moment in the development international order. This project seeks to better understand the role of Latin America in this process-how did Latin American states shape and how were they shaped by their interactions with these foundational international projects? Given its status during this period-mostly independent but bereft of great powers and marginal to European international society-Latin America has been largely absent from discussions of international order or seen through the lens of their relations with the United States. This absence matters if we want to better understand how projects of international order relate to countries outside their cores. Our research will further de-center understandings of international order's creation and examine the constraints and possibilities for peripheral influence.The period was also pivotal for Latin American state consolidation and international insertion. Latin America was long presumed to be an illiberal backwater during the nineteenth century; however, recent scholarship of the history of political ideas has shown the vibrancy of liberalism and republican projects and practices. Legal history, in turn, has emphasized the relevance of legal traditions and the way in which they informed state formation and international relations. However, we still know little about how domestic and international practices were connected; as such we propose the examination of "Latin America republican internationalism" as a lens through which to examine how domestic politics were manifested in diplomatic practice. The research will benefit global historians, international relations scholars, and historians of republicanism and liberalism in Latin America's nineteenth century.The project will examine these developments from 1864-1919 through original archival research in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and the USA. We will focus on key moments, such as international and regional summits and the creation of international organizations, and re-engage the region's international intellectual currents. We seek a better understanding of how republicanism and liberalism shaped Latin American diplomatic practices, how Latin America's peripheral position affected its engagement with projects of order-building, and how its proposals may have influenced practices of multilateralism. The initial period starts with the First Geneva Conference and is marked by the growing domestic consolidation and international economic insertion of Latin America. At a global level, it was characterized by early creation of international public unions and larger projects of inter-imperial international order-building. From about 1889, we enter a second period in which disparate diplomatic initiatives begin to coalesce into forms that resemble today's international organizations. Many of these bodies exist today or have been reborn in the post-Second World War institutional architecture.