INVENTING 'REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS': SEX, BODIES AND POPULATION, 1945-1995

选择是否生育、何时生育、与谁生育，作为一项不可否认的人权，如今已在全球范围内得到广泛接受。这是怎么发生的呢？历史告诉我们，这种观念绝不是不言而喻的，它的出现既不是不可避免的，也不是没有冲突的。从1945年到20世纪90年代，关于生育选择和身体自主的新想法受到了争论和谈判，导致了今天我们所说的“生育权利”，作为一套政治、法律和医学原则。“创造生殖权利”将对自1945年以来直至“生殖健康和权利”被纳入联合国人权的上世纪90年代中期，生殖权利概念发展的历史背景提供新的见解。它追溯了性文化、性别角色、人口统计和医疗实践的变化。该项目涉及“计划生育”、避孕和堕胎，重点关注活动团体、专家和决策者。两个关键假设支撑着这个项目。首先，生殖权利观念的出现并没有减少一系列行动者干预个人生殖选择的尝试，而是重新定义了这种干预。其次，它为个人创造了行使生殖能力的新途径。这些论点集中在三个方面的发展：医疗化，或医疗机构在干预生殖体方面发挥越来越大的作用；女性化，或者越来越多的人认识到女性而不是男性是生育计划的关键代理人；生殖身体的社会等级，或者是一些身体比另一些更值得生育的框架，是基于社会阶级，种族和能力。该项目以全球南方创新学术为基础，提出与全球相关的分析，特别关注欧洲。该项目将共产主义的东欧和民主的西欧结合起来，挑战了生殖权利只出现在自由民主背景下的假设。PI的研究重点是英国和意大利，而研究助理研究南斯拉夫。这三个国家反映了更广泛的现象，比如性现代化和以女性为中心的激进主义。它们的特点是，例如，天主教文化在定义文化规范方面的力量（意大利）；相对较早的避孕和堕胎自由化（英国），或者国家试图在全球范围内将自己呈现为生殖权利的捍卫者（南斯拉夫）。该项目的基础是PI与历史、社会科学、法律和医学人文领域的知名和早期职业学者之间的跨学科对话。PI的专著将在两个主要的国际会议上为更广泛的辩论提供起点，该项目将产生一个特刊。当代关于生殖权利的辩论和实践继续受到历史发展的影响；因此，需要历史意识来理解今天实现充分生殖正义的障碍。我们与格拉斯哥地区和桑迪福德性健康服务中心（NHS大格拉斯哥和克莱德）的年轻人合作，为年轻人在生殖权利方面的经历和价值观创造新的见解，重点关注性别关系，获得服务和社会文化背景。我们的产出——对年轻人的大规模调查、小组讨论和教育连环漫画——将成为桑迪福德向苏格兰政府提出的政策建议的一部分。更广泛地说，它们将使英国全国医疗服务体系的专业人员和青年、社区和教育服务受益。我们将这些产出设想为实现生殖正义教育议程的基石：教育那些与年轻人一起工作的人，让年轻人发表意见，并解释他们的经验。

The choice as to whether to have children, when and with whom as an undeniable human right is nowadays broadly accepted across the globe. How did it come to be so? History shows us that this idea is by no means self-evident, and that its emergence was neither inevitable nor without conflict. Between 1945 and the 1990s, novel ideas regarding reproductive choice and bodily autonomy were contested and negotiated, leading to what today we call 'reproductive rights' as set of political, legal and medical principles. 'Inventing Reproductive Rights' will create new insight into the historical contexts in which the notion of reproductive rights has developed since 1945 and up to the mid-1990s, when 'reproductive health and rights' were inscribed into UN human rights. It traces shifts in sexual culture, gender roles, demography, and medical practices. The project deals with 'family planning', contraception and abortion, focusing on campaigning groups, experts, and policy-makers. Two key hypotheses underpin the project. Firstly, the emergence of reproductive rights ideas did not diminish the attempts by a range of actors at intervening in individuals' reproductive choices, but rather reframed such interventions. Secondly, it created new ways for individuals to exercise reproductive agency. These arguments are illustrated by focusing on three developments: medicalisation, or the growing role played by medical institutions in intervening in the reproductive body; feminisation, or the growing understanding that women rather than men are the key agents of reproductive planning; and the social hierarchy of reproductive bodies, or the framing of some bodies as more worthy of procreation than others, as based on social class, 'race', and ability. The project builds on innovative scholarship on the Global South to present a globally connected analysis, with particular focus on Europe. Challenging the assumption that reproductive rights emerged solely in a liberal-democratic context, the project integrates communist Eastern and democratic Western Europe. The PI's research focuses on the UK and Italy, while a Research Associate studies Yugoslavia. The three countries reflect wider phenomena such as sexual modernisation and women-centred activism. They are distinguished by, for instance, the power of the Catholic culture in defining cultural norms (Italy); the relatively early liberalisation of contraception and abortion (UK), or the state's attempts to globally present itself as a champion for reproductive rights (Yugoslavia). The project is underpinned by an interdisciplinary conversation between the PI and established and early career scholars in History, Social Science, Law, and Medical Humanities. A monograph by the PI will provide the starting point for wider debate at two major international conferences, and the project will result in a Special Issue. Contemporary debates and practices of reproductive rights continue to be framed by historical developments; therefore, historical awareness is needed to understand the obstacles to full reproductive justice today. We collaborate with young people in the Glasgow area and Sandyford Sexual Health Services (NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde) to create new insight into young people's experiences and values regarding reproductive rights, focusing on gender relations, access to services, and socio-cultural context. Our outputs - a large-scale survey among young people, small-group discussion, and an educational comic strip - will feed into Sandyford's policy recommendations to the Scottish Government. More broadly, they will benefit NHS professionals and youth, community and educational services around the UK. We envisage these outputs as building blocks towards a Reproductive Justice Education agenda: educating those working with young people, giving voice to the latter, and interpreting their experiences.