Affective and Immaterial Labour in Latin(x) American Culture

这项跨国研究探讨了从世纪末到今天拉丁美洲摄影，电影，文学和数字文化中的奶妈，移民家庭佣工和性工作者的历史和代表性。它通过将这些工作分析为非物质劳动的形式来探索这些工作之间的相似性和差异，这些劳动是创造非物质产品的工作，包括社会关系，情感反应和身体感受-也称为“影响”。这个项目是第一个问：什么样的拉丁（x）和拉丁美洲的文化产品的分析，这些工人有助于我们理解这些形式的劳动之间的联系，并对这些类型的工作，这往往是边缘化或诋毁公众赞赏。为了回答这个问题，它回答了以下四个跨学科的研究问题：1）艺术家使用哪些创造性的技术来探索拉丁美洲和拉丁美洲移民工人在这些形式的情感和非物质劳动中所面临的挑战？2)对这些创造性工作的分析如何使我们能够比较和对比不同形式的情感劳动和非物质劳动，如哺乳、性工作和家务劳动？3)如何以艺术形式宣传情感和非物质劳动，提高人们对剥削性就业做法的认识，并促进公众了解照料工作的经济、社会和文化价值？4)艺术家、学者和活动家如何与从事情感和非物质劳动的个人进行有效和合乎道德的合作？这是第一个研究追溯历史，地理和主题的连续性（和差异）之间的艺术表现的原型形式的非物质劳动在拉丁美洲（x）文化，包括奶妈，家政工作，移民劳动和性工作。研究包括四个方面，分析：（1）十九世纪末和二十世纪初拉丁美洲非洲裔和土著奶妈的照片和绘画;（2）记录拉丁美洲妇女在现代欧洲做住家保姆和家庭佣工的经历的纪录片和文学证词;（3）几部电影、纪录片和一部小说，描述了从1940年代至今拉丁美洲各地女性性工作者的经历;和（4）薄膜，纪录片和数字艺术作品，探索墨西哥和中美洲移民工人在美国经历的无形和非物质性。这些研究问题将通过以下六个产出来回答：1.这是一本开放获取的书，涉及上述四个研究领域，并借鉴了我自己对所选主要文本的分析，以及对制作这些文本的艺术家的采访。2.一篇由PDRA撰写的同行评审期刊文章分析了1879年至1913年期间在利马档案馆发现的非洲裔和土著奶妈的一系列照片。3.与一位经验丰富的视频艺术家合作制作的视频文章，探讨并说明了从世纪末到今天拉丁美洲奶妈、保姆和家政工人的视觉表现之间的联系。这个输出将被提交到一个同行评审的开放获取视频论文期刊。一份政策咨询文件，作为学术界、艺术家和活动家与有偿家庭佣工和性工作者之间有效、合乎道德的合作形式的蓝图。这将是一个在线研讨会的主要成果，该研讨会将这些参与者团结在一起。在布里斯托的分水岭电影院举行了一系列以“拉丁美洲电影中的劳工”为主题的公共电影放映和专家问答（受新冠肺炎法规限制）。6.一个在线平台，包括博客、照片和视频文章。

This transnational study explores histories and representations of wet-nurses, migrant domestic workers and sex workers in Latin(x) American photography, film, literature and digital culture from the late nineteenth century to the present day. It explores the similarities and differences between these kinds of work by analysing them as forms of immaterial labour, which is work that creates immaterial products, including social relationships, emotional responses and bodily feelings -- also termed 'affects'. This project is the first to ask: what does an analysis of Latin(x) and Latin American cultural productions featuring these workers contribute to our understanding of the links between these forms of labour, and to a public appreciation of these kinds of work, which are often marginalised or denigrated. To answer this question, it responds to the following four interdisciplinary research questions:1) Which creative techniques do artists use to explore the challenges faced by Latin American and Latinx migrant workers employed in these forms of affective and immaterial labour? 2) How does an analysis of these creative works enable us to compare and contrast between different forms of affective and immaterial labour, such as wet-nursing, sex work and domestic work? 3) How can artistic depictions of affective and immaterial labour raise awareness of exploitative employment practices and contribute to a public understanding of the economic, social and cultural value of care work? 4) How can artists, academics and activists collaborate effectively and ethically with individuals involved in forms of affective and immaterial labour?It is the first study to trace the historical, geographical and thematic continuities (and differences) between artistic representations of archetypal forms of immaterial labour in Latin(x) American culture including wet-nursing, domestic work, migrant labour and sex work. The research comprises four strands, which analyse: (1) photographs and paintings of Afro-descendant and indigenous wet-nurses produced in Latin America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; (2) documentaries and a literary testimony that record the experiences of Latin American women working as live-in nannies and domestic workers in modern-day Europe; (3) several films, documentaries and a novel that portray the experiences of female sex workers from across Latin America from the 1940s until the present day; and (4) a film, documentary and digital artworks that explore the invisibility and immateriality experienced by Mexican and Central American migrant workers in the US. These research questions will be answered by the following six outputs:1. An open-access book that addresses the four research strands identified above and draws on my own analysis of the chosen primary texts, as well as on interviews with the artists who produced them. 2. A peer-reviewed journal article - authored by the PDRA - that analyses a series of photographs of Afro-descendant and indigenous wet-nurses taken between 1879 and 1913, which were found at an archive in Lima. 3. A video essay - made in collaboration with an experienced video artist - that explores and illustrates the connections between visual representations of Latin American wet-nurses, nannies and domestic workers from the late nineteenth century until the present day. This output will be submitted to a peer-reviewed open-access video essay journal.4. A policy advisory document that serves as a blueprint for effective, ethical forms of collaboration between academics, artists and activists and paid domestic and sex workers. This will represent the key output of an online workshop that unites these stakeholders.5. A series of public film screenings and expert Q&As on the theme of 'Labour in Latin American Film' held at Watershed cinema, Bristol (subject to Covid-19 regulations). 6. An online platform featuring blogs, photographs and the video essay.