Tackling Online Hate in Football (TOHIF)

这个名为TOHIF的项目的核心是构建、追踪和打击足球领域的网络仇恨。媒体是重要的意识形态载体和体育商业化的关键代理人，因此，今天，体育赛事和媒体密切相关。就观众人数和参与度而言，足球是世界上最受欢迎的运动，而且越来越多的足球消费（即观看、阅读和讨论）发生在网络空间。网络实践和经历有可能塑造和影响我们对种族主义、性别歧视和宗派主义等问题的看法。长期以来，足球一直是政治、经济、文化和社会问题在地方、国家和国际上发挥作用的一个有影响力的镜头。因此，通过分析足球迷的数字对话、反应和行为，我们能够批判性地判断这种仇恨意识形态生长的有影响力的背景，这种情况是如何发生的，在哪里发生的，仇恨言论的特征以及表达仇恨言论的人。重要的是，通过理解这一点，我们可以制定出打击网络仇恨的策略。2008-2022年欧洲男子和女子足球锦标赛被选为探索TOHIF研究目的和目标的地点。这是因为这些事件受到了媒体的广泛关注，其中包括社交媒体的出现以及欧洲经济、政治和文化快速转型的时期。国际足球赛事是民族主义情绪的焦点，为公民提供了一个机会，让他们聚集在一起，以一种可见的、集体的方式表达“我们是谁”，以反对同样重要但被贬低的“我们不是谁”。欧洲足球锦标赛等大型足球赛事是象征性表达民族主义的重要平台。然而，研究表明，这种表达可能会蔓延为对对方球迷的仇外心理、不宽容和暴力，并可能成为冲突的催化剂——这些观点越来越多地在网上表达出来。简而言之，任何关于身份、国家和归属的研究，如果不涉及体育，都是一项偏离重点的研究。TOHIF将在最先进的定量数据分析、细致入微的定性批评分析和反对仇恨言论的基层行动之间架起一座桥梁。它将利用TOHIF团队的专业知识和反仇恨组织的广泛网络和经验，为不同的利益相关者提供深入和创新的策略，以打击不断演变的仇恨言论。该研究的纵向性质允许对社交媒体、在线仇恨和足球之间的相互关系进行严格分析，并通过与关键利益相关者合作来纠正这种情况。具体来说，这将涉及对国家认同与足球、种族主义与足球、宗派主义与足球、性别歧视与足球、社交媒体传播与足球等主题进行系统的文献综述。此外，对Twitter上与足球相关的仇恨言论进行批评性话语分析，并对2008年至2022年期间的八届欧洲足球锦标赛进行描述性、内容和网络分析。重要的是，这种定性和定量分析将与从致力于种族平等、社会正义和消除网上仇恨的伙伴组织成员的采访中获得的数据相匹配。我们将与合作伙伴合作，制定教育研讨会、政策和具体的机器学习程序，以识别和打击社交媒体上的在线仇恨。这些倡议和学术成果将以可持续的方式传播，以使广泛的利益相关者受益，包括但不限于社交媒体公司、球迷、足球俱乐部/球员、政策制定者和反仇恨组织/运动。

This project, TOHIF, is centred on framing, tracing and combating online hate in football. Media are important ideological vehicles and critical agents in the commercialisation of sports, such that, today, sports events and media are intimately connected. Football is the most popular sport in the world in terms of both viewership and participation and increasingly, football consumption (i.e. watching, reading and discussing), takes place in online spaces. Online practices and experiences have the potential to shape and influence our perceptions of matters concerning racism, sexism and sectarianism. Football has long been an influential lens in which political, economic, cultural and social issues have played out locally, nationally and internationally. Consequently, by analysing football fans' digital conversations, reactions and behaviours we are able to critically gauge an influential context in which such ideologies of hate grow, how and where this happens, the characteristics of the hate speech and those who express it. Importantly, by understanding this, we can develop strategies in which to combat online hate.The men's and women's European Football Championships, 2008-2022 have been selected as the site in which to explore TOHIF's research aims and objectives. This is because of the significant media attention these events have received, encompassing the emergence of social media and a period of rapid economic, political and cultural transformation in Europe. International football events act as a focus for nationalist sentiments, providing citizens with opportunities to come together in a visible, collective expression of 'who we are', in opposition to an equally important, but denigrated 'who we are not'. Large football events such as European Football Championships are important platforms for the symbolic expressions of nationalism. However, research indicates that such expressions can spill over into xenophobia, intolerance and violence towards opposing fans and can act as a catalyst for conflict - views which are increasingly articulated online. In short, any study of identity, nationhood and belonging that does not involve sport is a study out of focus.TOHIF will create a bridge between state-of-the-art quantitative data analysis, nuanced qualitative critical analysis and grassroots activism against hate speech. It will draw on the expertise of the TOHIF team and the wide networks and experience of anti-hate organisations to equip different stakeholders with in-depth, innovative strategies for combating evolving hate speech. The longitudinal nature of the research allows for a rigorous analysis of the interconnections between social media, online hate and football and of ways to redress this through working with key stakeholders.Specifically, this will involve the development of systematic literature reviews on the topics of national identity and football, racism and football, sectarianism and football, sexism and football and social media communication and football. Furthermore, a critical discourse analysis on selected instances of football-related hate speech on Twitter will be paired with descriptive, content and network analysis of eight European Football Championships between 2008 and 2022. Importantly, such qualitative and quantitative analysis will be paired with data obtained from interviewing members of partner organisations committed to race equality, social justice and stamping out online hate. We will work with partners to develop educational workshops, policies and specific machine learning procedures in which to identify and combat online hate on social media. Such initiatives and academic outputs will be disseminated with the goal of benefiting a wide number of stakeholders in a sustainable way including but not limited to social media companies, fans, football clubs/players, policymakers and anti-hate organisations/campaigns.