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Cold War Toys: Material Cultures of Childhood in Argentina

冷战玩具：阿根廷童年的物质文化

基本信息

批准号：
AH/W002043/1
负责人：
Jordana Blejmar
金额：
$ 24.57万
依托单位：
University of Liverpool
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2022
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2022 至无数据
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FW002043%2F1
关键词：
Cold War Toys Material Cultures

项目摘要

This project provides a cultural, political and affective history of Argentine toys during the Cold War, specifically between 1946 (the emergence of Peronism) and 1983 (the end of the last civic-military dictatorship in Argentina). It will analyse their production, circulation, consumption, value and meaning as material playthings. Moving beyond the obsession with the US-USSR divide, particularly in terms of popular and material culture, the project aims to shift our attention to other spheres of ideological struggle, namely the material culture of childhood. Research questions include: How did political struggles influence the design, commercialisation, advertising and consumption of playthings in Cold War Latin America? What role did toys play in movements for social change, populist governments and authoritarian regimes? And what role do toys, souvenirs, crafts and other everyday objects play today in the collective remembrance of the Argentine traumatic past? The project brings together museums, sites of memory, collectors, curators, educators, practitioners and academics via a series of public engagment activities, including an exhibition at the Remembrance Park-Monument to the Victims of State Terrorism in the midst of events commemorating the 45th anniversary of the 1976 coup (2021) and the 40th anniversary of the return to democracy (2023), a series of workshops with teachers at the ESMA Museum and Site of Memory, and a co-authored book. Since the first Peronist era, Argentina has been at the forefront of recognising the cultural, political and historical value of toys in Latin America. The Southern Cone country also has one of the region's more progressive memory politics. While scholars' research into toys ends in the 1960s with the decline of the local toy industry, this project will also consider toys and games produced and consumed after that decade, particularly those manufactured and played with during and after the 1976-1983 dictatorship. Based on collaborative action research and using a broad theoretical and conceptual framework that includes concepts and methods from media archaeology, memory studies, political philosophy, art and literature, the project will engage with factual, industrial and historical information as well as with the symbolic, political, and even poetic narratives attached to children's material cultures. Cold War Toys will thus consider toys as commercial goods, as the products of an influential (trans)national industry, and as collectors' items, historical documents, souvenirs and narrative devices. Toys bring together intellect and emotion, carrying meanings and experiences. They are objects of transmission and mirrors of a culture. Toys are the mediums through which children first grasp history. They symbolize the spirit of a time, the vision that a particular society has of its present, and the role that children play in it. Toys also tell us a great deal about our relationship with the market, for we learn to be consumers with toys. The uses and values of toys demonstrate that they are not only representations of history but are themselves part of history and, in that sense, they are of considerable cultural importance. The project is timely because the Cold War continues to resonate in the tense context of US/Latin America relations, not least as the regions continue to deal with the fallout of Donald Trump's return to a 'bad neighbor' policy (2017-2021). In South America, moreover, the relatives of the dictatorships' victims continue to protest past atrocities, exhume graves, and actively press legal claims against perpetrators. Domestic toy industries in the region have also all but disappeared. The collections the project will look at remind us of a time when national production was valued. They say a great deal not just about the history and memory of toys but also about the industries of these countries and the history of design in the region.

该项目提供了冷战期间阿根廷玩具的文化、政治和情感历史，特别是 1946 年（庇隆主义的出现）和 1983 年（阿根廷最后一个公民军事独裁统治的结束）之间。它将分析它们作为物质玩物的生产、流通、消费、价值和意义。该项目旨在超越对美苏分歧的困扰，特别是在流行和物质文化方面，旨在将我们的注意力转移到意识形态斗争的其他领域，即童年的物质文化。研究问题包括：政治斗争如何影响冷战拉丁美洲的玩具设计、商业化、广告和消费？玩具在社会变革、民粹主义政府和独裁政权运动中发挥了什么作用？如今，玩具、纪念品、工艺品和其他日常物品在阿根廷痛苦的过去的集体记忆中扮演着什么角色？该项目通过一系列公众参与活动，将博物馆、纪念场所、收藏家、策展人、教育工作者、从业者和学者聚集在一起，包括在纪念公园国家恐怖主义受害者纪念碑上举办的展览，以及纪念 1976 年政变 45 周年（2021 年）和回归民主 40 周年（2023 年）的活动，以及与老师在 ESMA 博物馆和记忆遗址，以及一本合着的书。自第一个庇隆主义时代以来，阿根廷一直处于认识玩具在拉丁美洲的文化、政治和历史价值的最前沿。这个南锥体国家也是该地区最进步的记忆政治国家之一。虽然学者们对玩具的研究随着当地玩具业的衰落而结束于 20 世纪 60 年代，但该项目还将考虑该十年之后生产和消费的玩具和游戏，特别是 1976-1983 独裁统治期间和之后制造和玩的玩具和游戏。该项目以协作行动研究为基础，采用广泛的理论和概念框架，包括媒体考古学、记忆研究、政治哲学、艺术和文学的概念和方法，将涉及事实、工业和历史信息，以及与儿童物质文化相关的象征、政治甚至诗意叙事。因此，冷战玩具将玩具视为商业商品、有影响力的（跨国）国家工业的产品、收藏品、历史文献、纪念品和叙事工具。玩具汇集了智力和情感，承载着意义和体验。它们是文化的传播对象和镜子。玩具是孩子们最初了解历史的媒介。它们象征着一个时代的精神、一个特定社会对其现状的愿景以及儿童在其中所扮演的角色。玩具还告诉我们很多关于我们与市场的关系的信息，因为我们学会了成为玩具的消费者。玩具的用途和价值表明它们不仅是历史的代表，而且本身就是历史的一部分，从这个意义上说，它们具有相当大的文化重要性。该项目是及时的，因为冷战继续在美国/拉丁美洲关系紧张的背景下产生共鸣，尤其是这些地区继续应对唐纳德·特朗普回归“坏邻居”政策（2017-2021）的影响。此外，在南美洲，独裁政权受害者的亲属继续抗议过去的暴行，挖掘坟墓，并积极对肇事者提出法律索赔。该地区的国内玩具业也几乎消失了。该项目将看到的藏品让我们回想起国家生产受到重视的时代。他们不仅讲述了很多关于玩具的历史和记忆，还讲述了这些国家的工业和该地区的设计历史。