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The Nascent Globe: Diplomacy and the Making of the First Global Order, c.1480-c.1520

新生的地球：外交与第一个全球秩序的建立，c.1480-c.1520

基本信息

批准号：
AH/W003880/1
负责人：
Zoltan Biedermann
金额：
$ 22.43万
依托单位：
University College London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2022
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2022 至无数据
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FW003880%2F1
关键词：
Nascent Globe Diplomacy Making First

项目摘要

Why were Europeans so successful as they ventured into distant seas and established new contacts at the beginning of the early modern age? And how exactly did the first global political order emerge from those voyages? My project takes a novel approach to these questions by studying the diplomatic encounters that unfolded during the crucial decades leading up to the first circumnavigation of the globe, completed 500 years ago in 1521. It explores historical sources produced from around 1480 in the context of early Portuguese and Spanish voyages that paved the way for later, British, French and Dutch empire building. Whilst acknowledging the importance of trade and navigation, I will dig deeper to study the overlooked diplomatic mechanisms supporting them. At the heart of early transcontinental conversations was a widely shared desire to imbue encounters with meaning and make them last. Diplomacy, I argue in this project, was key to making long-distance connections work.Diplomatic encounters, I further propose, were not just the result of European "expansion". Much was down to various foci of attraction. Local rulers across the continents reached out to the Portuguese and the Spanish to engage in politically meaningful exchanges of envoys, letters, gifts, and geographical knowledge. They looked for new opportunities in trade, but also new military allies who might help them cope with regional and local enemies, or simply the symbolic value of diplomatic exchanges. Without this desire of non-European rulers to cooperate, European navigators would have had nowhere to go. To understand the combined processes of expansion and attraction, I will examine six representative cases and draw them together into an overarching study for the first time. These are (in chronological order): Ghana; Hispaniola/Puerto Rico; the Swahili Coast in East Africa; the Malabar Coast in South India; the Moluccas or Spice Islands; and the Philippines. I will establish historical connections between these regions and engage in a comparative study of the diplomatic initiatives taken by local rulers to attract Portuguese and Spanish navigators. This is important because the histories of small states in Africa, Asia and the Americas have been written largely in isolation from each other. Their influence on early Portuguese and Spanish navigations and imperialism is rarely mentioned. Portuguese and Spanish activities themselves are usually studied separately. Bringing all these actors together will allow me to identify a pattern and argue that the first global political order grew out of a widely shared desire for diplomatic alliances and the symbolic power they carried. In fact, we are yet to understand who exactly was first in seeing the full potential of thinking globally: the kings of Portugal and Spain, who oversaw the first global connections and possessed the first global maps? Or perhaps rulers such as the sultans of the Maluku islands in the Pacific, who harnessed the potential of pitching those distant rivals against each other for their own benefit?To answer these questions, I will be working with sources and critical literature written in Portuguese, Spanish, English, Italian, French, and German. I will make use of the world-leading libraries of London, where I teach and live, and complement this with research periods in archives in Portugal and Spain, some of which I have worked with before. I will talk about my findings with other global and regional historians. I will also share ideas with local historians and audiences in Ghana, Puerto Rico, and South India, and work towards establishing, for the first time, a network of scholars connecting these regions. By doing so, we will together start telling - critically, without romanticising this often violent past - a story of early globalisation shared by Europeans, Africans, Asians and Americans alike.

为什么欧洲人在早期现代开始时冒险进入遥远的海洋并建立新的联系而如此成功？第一个全球政治秩序究竟是如何从这些航程中诞生的？我的项目对这些问题采取了一种新颖的方法，通过研究在1521年完成500年前第一次环球航行之前的关键几十年期间展开的外交接触。它探索了大约1480年在葡萄牙和西班牙早期航行的背景下产生的历史来源，这些航行为后来的英国、法国和荷兰帝国的建立铺平了道路。在承认贸易和航海的重要性的同时，我将更深入地研究被忽视的支持它们的外交机制。早期跨洲对话的核心是一种广泛的共同愿望，即赋予接触以意义，并使其持续下去。在这个项目中，我认为外交是使远程联系发挥作用的关键。我进一步提出，外交接触不仅仅是欧洲“扩张”的结果。这在很大程度上归因于不同的吸引力焦点。各大洲的当地尺子与葡萄牙人和西班牙人接触，进行有政治意义的使节、信件、礼物和地理知识的交流。他们在贸易中寻找新的机会，但也在寻找新的军事盟友，这些盟友可能会帮助他们应对地区和当地的敌人，或者仅仅是外交交流的象征性价值。如果没有非欧洲尺子的这种合作愿望，欧洲的航海家们就无处可去了。为了理解扩张和吸引的组合过程，我将研究六个有代表性的案例，并首次将它们结合在一起进行总体研究。它们(按时间顺序)是：加纳；伊斯帕尼奥拉/波多黎各；东非的斯瓦希里海岸；南印度的马拉巴海岸；摩鲁加群岛或香料群岛；以及菲律宾。我将在这些地区之间建立历史联系，并比较研究当地尺子为吸引葡萄牙和西班牙航海家而采取的外交举措。这一点很重要，因为非洲、亚洲和美洲小国的历史大多是在彼此孤立的情况下写成的。它们对早期葡萄牙和西班牙航海以及帝国主义的影响很少被提及。葡萄牙语和西班牙语活动本身通常是分开研究的。将所有这些行为者聚集在一起，将使我能够确定一种模式，并辩称，第一个全球政治秩序源于对外交联盟及其所承载的象征性权力的广泛共同渴望。事实上，我们还不知道到底是谁最先看到了全球思维的全部潜力：葡萄牙和西班牙的国王，谁监督了第一个全球联系，并拥有第一个全球地图？或者像太平洋上马鲁古群岛的苏丹们这样的尺子，他们利用潜力让这些遥远的对手为自己的利益而相互竞争？为了回答这些问题，我将与用葡萄牙语、西班牙语、英语、意大利语、法语和德语写成的资源和批评文学合作。我将利用我任教和生活的伦敦世界领先的图书馆，并在葡萄牙和西班牙的档案馆进行研究，以补充这一点，其中一些我以前曾与之共事。我将与其他全球和地区历史学家讨论我的发现。我还将与加纳、波多黎各和南印度的当地历史学家和观众分享想法，并首次致力于建立一个连接这些地区的学者网络。通过这样做，我们将一起开始讲述一个欧洲人、非洲人、亚洲人和美国人共同分享的早期全球化故事--批评地，而不是浪漫化这段往往充满暴力的过去。