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The Nascent Globe: Diplomacy and the Making of the First Global Order, c.1480-c.1520

新生的地球：外交与第一个全球秩序的建立，c.1480-c.1520

基本信息

批准号：
AH/W003880/1
负责人：
Zoltan Biedermann
金额：
$ 22.43万
依托单位：
University College London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2022
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2022 至无数据
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FW003880%2F1
关键词：
Nascent Globe Diplomacy Making First

项目摘要

Why were Europeans so successful as they ventured into distant seas and established new contacts at the beginning of the early modern age? And how exactly did the first global political order emerge from those voyages? My project takes a novel approach to these questions by studying the diplomatic encounters that unfolded during the crucial decades leading up to the first circumnavigation of the globe, completed 500 years ago in 1521. It explores historical sources produced from around 1480 in the context of early Portuguese and Spanish voyages that paved the way for later, British, French and Dutch empire building. Whilst acknowledging the importance of trade and navigation, I will dig deeper to study the overlooked diplomatic mechanisms supporting them. At the heart of early transcontinental conversations was a widely shared desire to imbue encounters with meaning and make them last. Diplomacy, I argue in this project, was key to making long-distance connections work.Diplomatic encounters, I further propose, were not just the result of European "expansion". Much was down to various foci of attraction. Local rulers across the continents reached out to the Portuguese and the Spanish to engage in politically meaningful exchanges of envoys, letters, gifts, and geographical knowledge. They looked for new opportunities in trade, but also new military allies who might help them cope with regional and local enemies, or simply the symbolic value of diplomatic exchanges. Without this desire of non-European rulers to cooperate, European navigators would have had nowhere to go. To understand the combined processes of expansion and attraction, I will examine six representative cases and draw them together into an overarching study for the first time. These are (in chronological order): Ghana; Hispaniola/Puerto Rico; the Swahili Coast in East Africa; the Malabar Coast in South India; the Moluccas or Spice Islands; and the Philippines. I will establish historical connections between these regions and engage in a comparative study of the diplomatic initiatives taken by local rulers to attract Portuguese and Spanish navigators. This is important because the histories of small states in Africa, Asia and the Americas have been written largely in isolation from each other. Their influence on early Portuguese and Spanish navigations and imperialism is rarely mentioned. Portuguese and Spanish activities themselves are usually studied separately. Bringing all these actors together will allow me to identify a pattern and argue that the first global political order grew out of a widely shared desire for diplomatic alliances and the symbolic power they carried. In fact, we are yet to understand who exactly was first in seeing the full potential of thinking globally: the kings of Portugal and Spain, who oversaw the first global connections and possessed the first global maps? Or perhaps rulers such as the sultans of the Maluku islands in the Pacific, who harnessed the potential of pitching those distant rivals against each other for their own benefit?To answer these questions, I will be working with sources and critical literature written in Portuguese, Spanish, English, Italian, French, and German. I will make use of the world-leading libraries of London, where I teach and live, and complement this with research periods in archives in Portugal and Spain, some of which I have worked with before. I will talk about my findings with other global and regional historians. I will also share ideas with local historians and audiences in Ghana, Puerto Rico, and South India, and work towards establishing, for the first time, a network of scholars connecting these regions. By doing so, we will together start telling - critically, without romanticising this often violent past - a story of early globalisation shared by Europeans, Africans, Asians and Americans alike.

为什么欧洲人在近代初期冒险进入遥远的海洋并建立新的联系时如此成功？第一个全球政治秩序究竟是如何从这些航行中产生的？我的项目对这些问题采取了一种新颖的方法，通过研究在500年前于1521年完成的第一次地球仪环游之前的关键几十年中展开的外交遭遇。它探讨了1480年左右产生的历史资料，这些资料是在早期葡萄牙和西班牙航行的背景下产生的，为后来的英国、法国和荷兰帝国建设铺平了道路。在承认贸易和航行的重要性的同时，我将深入研究支持它们的被忽视的外交机制。早期跨洲对话的核心是一个广泛的共同愿望，即赋予相遇以意义，并使其持续下去。我在这个项目中认为，外交是实现长途联系的关键。我进一步提出，外交接触不仅仅是欧洲“扩张”的结果。这在很大程度上取决于各种吸引力的焦点。各大洲的地方统治者与葡萄牙人和西班牙人接触，进行有政治意义的使节、信件、礼物和地理知识交流。他们在贸易上寻找新的机会，但也寻找新的军事盟友，这些盟友可能会帮助他们科普地区和当地的敌人，或者仅仅是外交交流的象征价值。如果没有非欧洲统治者的这种合作愿望，欧洲航海家将无处可去。为了理解扩张和吸引的结合过程，我将研究六个有代表性的案例，并首次将它们汇总到一个总体研究中。它们是（按时间顺序）：加纳;伊斯帕尼奥拉岛/波多黎各;东非的斯瓦希里海岸;南印度的马拉巴尔海岸;摩鹿加群岛或香料群岛;以及菲律宾。我将建立这些地区之间的历史联系，并对当地统治者为吸引葡萄牙和西班牙航海家而采取的外交举措进行比较研究。这一点很重要，因为非洲、亚洲和美洲小国的历史基本上是在相互孤立的情况下写成的。他们对早期葡萄牙和西班牙航海和帝国主义的影响很少被提及。葡萄牙语和西班牙语活动本身通常是分开研究的。将所有这些参与者聚集在一起，将使我能够确定一种模式，并认为第一个全球政治秩序源于对外交联盟及其所携带的象征性权力的广泛共同愿望。事实上，我们还不知道是谁第一个看到了全球思维的全部潜力：葡萄牙和西班牙的国王，谁监督了第一个全球联系，拥有第一张全球地图？或者是太平洋马鲁古群岛的苏丹等统治者，他们利用这些遥远的竞争对手相互对抗的潜力来谋取自己的利益？为了回答这些问题，我将使用葡萄牙语、西班牙语、英语、意大利语、法语和德语撰写的资料和批评文献。我将利用伦敦的世界领先的图书馆，我在那里教学和生活，并补充这与葡萄牙和西班牙的档案研究期间，其中一些我以前工作过。我将与其他全球和区域历史学家讨论我的发现。我还将与加纳、波多黎各和南印度的当地历史学家和观众分享想法，并致力于首次建立一个连接这些地区的学者网络。通过这样做，我们将一起开始讲述--批判地，而不是浪漫化这个往往充满暴力的过去--欧洲人、非洲人、亚洲人和美国人都分享的早期全球化的故事。