Book Forgery: History, Practice, and Detection

这本书的历史与伪造的历史密切相关。只要有稀有和令人向往的书籍，复制品和仿制品就会被制造出来。在过去的400年里，新印刷技术的不断发展使得越来越微妙和令人信服的假货得以生产。这些范围从损坏的书籍，已与传真叶“复杂”，以完全捏造的卷。在16和17世纪，欧洲各地的印刷商伪造了著名的Aldus和Elzevir作坊的版本。世纪的海盗会通过欺骗性地复制印刷术、装饰和印记来模仿畅销书的外观和感觉。世纪，托马斯·詹姆斯·怀斯和哈里·巴克斯顿·福尔曼（Harry Buxton Forman）的“前第一”印刷术确立了一种印刷伪书的模式，这种模式在接下来的一百年里被反复使用和改编。在21世纪，我们正在进入这个故事的新篇章。当图书管理员和档案管理员专注于机构馆藏的数字化时，伪造者现在正在将数字图像转换回实体印刷品，根据从互联网下载的扫描图，用光聚合物板制作印刷时代的书籍。数字革命的一个不可预见的后果是，它为珍贵书籍的伪造提供了丰富的原材料。因此，该项目解决了一个紧迫的问题。由于技术变革，了解书目的既定技术如何以参与贸易，收藏家，图书馆员，印刷商和学者的方式应对伪造的新挑战变得至关重要。随着数字技术继续增强图书生产的模拟模式，伪造变得更容易生产，也更难检测。该项目试图从两个方面解决这个问题。首先，通过图表的历史书目欺骗和检测在过去的四百年里，从莎士比亚的时代到今天。其次，通过从这一历史调查中推断出一系列针对当代和未来伪造书籍企图的有力辩护。这两个目标是密不可分的，因为各个时期的伪书在现代古董交易中继续以真品的形式出现，破坏了文化遗产、商业部门和学术界。本项目的第一部分将调查近代以来英国、欧洲和美国的非法印刷，以印刷机制造伪书为中心绘制一个新的书籍历史。一项长达一本书的研究将联合收割机将详细的案例研究与书目伪造历史上的广泛模式的探索结合起来。它还将记录几个世纪以来用于检测伪造品的技术是如何发展的，从追踪破碎的铅字到纸张的化学分析以及新的数字光谱学和显微镜技术的使用。该项目将调查这些技术的演变，以及它们如何为书目作为一门学科的未来发展提供信息。该项目的第二部分将汇集来自人文学科、图书行业和图书馆部门的利益相关者，考虑假货带来的紧迫问题，并合作制定解决方案。这一过程将包括与纽卡斯尔的北方印刷公司合作，该公司将试验伪造者和传真打印机目前使用的各种技术。该项目同样利用该网络的调查结果和对书籍伪造历史的档案研究，将学术界人士与古董书商协会的成员聚集在一起，制定新的全行业处理可疑假货和伪造品的协议。通过这些活动，该项目的学术成果将被转化为商业应用。

The history of the book goes hand-in-hand with the history of forgery. For as long as there have been rare and desirable books, copies and imitations have been manufactured. Over the past four hundred years the rise of successive new printing technologies has enabled the production of increasingly subtle and convincing fakes. These range from damaged books that have been 'sophisticated' with facsimile leaves to entirely fabricated volumes. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, printers across Europe counterfeited editions from the celebrated workshops of Aldus and Elzevir. Pirates in the eighteenth century would imitate the look and feel of prestige bestsellers by fraudulently copying typography, ornaments, and imprints. The antedated 'pre-first' forgeries of Thomas James Wise and Harry Buxton Forman in the nineteenth century established a pattern for printing fake books that would be repeatedly used and adapted over the next hundred years. In the twenty-first century we are entering a new chapter in the story. While librarians and archivists focus on digitising institutional collections, forgers are now transforming digital images back into physical print, fabricating handpress-era books from photopolymer plates based on scans downloaded from the internet. An unforeseen consequence of the digital revolution is that it has provided a wealth of raw material for the forgery of rare books. This project therefore addresses an urgent problem. Because of technological change, it has become vital to understand how the established techniques of bibliography can meet the new challenges of forgery in ways that engage the trade, collectors, librarians, printers, and scholars. As digital technologies continue to augment analogue modes of book production, forgeries have become both easier to produce and more difficult to detect. This project seeks to address the problem in two ways. Firstly, by charting the history of bibliographical deception and detection over the last four hundred years, from the era of Shakespeare to the present day. Secondly, by extrapolating from this historical inquiry a series of robust defences against contemporary and future attempts to counterfeit books. These two aims are inextricably linked because forged books from all periods continue to appear as authentic copies in the modern antiquarian trade, damaging cultural heritage, the commercial sector, and scholarship.The first part of this project will investigate illicit printing in Britain, Europe, and America since the early modern period, charting a new history of the book centred on the use of the printing press to manufacture fakes. A book-length study will combine detailed case studies with an exploration of broad patterns in the history of bibliographical forgery. It will also document how the techniques used to detect forgeries have evolved over the centuries, from tracing broken pieces of type to the chemical analysis of paper and use of new digital spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. The project will investigate the evolution of those techniques and how they might inform the future development of bibliography as an academic discipline. The second part of this project will bring together stakeholders from across the humanities, the book trade, and the libraries sector to consider the immediate problems presented by fakes and collaborate on solutions. This process will include collaboration with Northern Print in Newcastle, who will experiment with various techniques currently being used by forgers and facsimile printers. Drawing equally on the findings of this network and on archival research into the history of book forgery, the project will bring together academics with members of the Antiquarian Booksellers Association to develop new industry-wide protocols for the handling of suspected fakes and forgeries. Through these activities, the project's academic findings will be translated for application in the commercial sector.