Romani Migration between Germany and Britain (1880s-1914): Spaces of Informal Business, Media Spectacle, and Racial Policing

这个项目探讨了19世纪80年代至1914年期间，罗姆人（吉普赛人）在德国和英国之间的迁移。它通过数字人文学方法，从跨国角度研究并展示这些被广泛忽视的移民运动。它审查了移民空间是如何通过经济机构和个人行动，媒体代表性和公众反应的详细结构，借鉴在德国，英国，波兰和荷兰的档案研究和广泛的新闻报道的时期。1904- 1905年和1906年，罗姆德国人两次前往英国，以及随后被驱逐出境，将受到特别关注。该项目挖掘移民运动产生的大量文本和图像，以阐明罗姆人旅行者本身的作用，他们离开德国的原因以及他们在英国的生存策略。该项目的平行目标是，在区域、国家和跨国警务的更广泛发展中促进德国和英国之间的罗姆人移徙。罗姆旅行者无论走到哪里都受到警察的骚扰和控制。在此期间，全欧洲的公众和官方都在加紧讨论“吉普赛问题”，这与警方对罗姆人和游民家庭施加的压力有关。在实践中，这主要是通过对非正规商业活动、流动贸易和相关生活方式实行歧视性控制来实现的。但在欧洲大陆，警方还开发了针对罗姆人群体的身份证件、种族貌相和记录保存形式，这些工作往往是与新一代种族科学家合作进行的。该项目从特定罗姆人移民的透镜探讨两国地方警察的做法和经验如何为“吉普赛人”的国家警务提供信息。它还询问了英国和德国警察的态度和做法是如何相互发展的。双方都在各自的殖民地实行种族化的警务，该项目将他们之间的罗姆人移民领域视为知识交流的跨时空空间。与此同时，鉴于高度工业化和城市化正在重新划定正式和非正式之间的界限，对“吉普赛人”作为一个群体的治安与对流动贸易和非正式经济的治安之间的重叠很大。该项目不仅从种族角度，而且从经济角度探讨了罗姆人流动的治安问题，将罗姆移民本身定位为经济行为者，从而有助于将罗姆人历史纳入欧洲更广泛的故事主流，该项目涉及与德国和英国罗姆人和游民社区的合作。就方法和产出而言，一个关键要素是制作交互式数字地图。

This project explores the migration of Romani ('Gypsy') groups between Germany and Britain between the 1880s and 1914. It studies and makes visible, through digital humanities methods, these widely overlooked migratory movements in a transnational perspective. It examines how the migratory space was structured through economic agency and individual action, media representation and public responses in detail, drawing on research in German, British, Polish and Dutch archives and on the extensive press coverage of the period. Two journeys of Romani Germans to Britain, and their subsequent deportations, in 1904-05 and 1906, will receive particular attention. The project mines the extensive body of text and images that the migratory movements generated to illuminate the agency of the Romani travellers themselves, their reasons for moving from Germany and their strategies for survival in Britain. The parallel aim of the project is to situate Romani migration between Germany and Britain in wider developments in regional, national and transnational policing. The Romani travellers were subject to police harassment and control wherever they went. In this period there was an intensified public and official discussion about the 'Gypsy problem' all over Europe, associated with increased police pressure on Romani and Traveller households. In practice, this was mainly exercised through the discriminatory application of controls on informal business activities, itinerant trades and associated lifestyles. But in continental Europe the police also developed forms of identity documentation, racial profiling and record-keeping that targeted Romani groups, often in collaboration with a new generation of race scientists. This project uses the lens of specific Romani migrations to explore the ways in which the practices and experiences of local police in both countries informed the national policing of 'Gypsies'. It also asks how police attitudes and practices in Britain and Germany developed in relation to one another. Both practised racialised policing in their colonies, and the project treats the realm of Romani migration between them as a transimperial space of knowledge exchange. At the same time, the overlap between the policing of 'Gypsies' as a group and the policing of itinerant trades and informal economies is significant, given that high industrialism and urbanisation were re-setting the boundaries between formal and informal. In exploring not only the racial but the economic dimensions of the policing of Romani mobility, situating the Romani migrants themselves as economic actors, the project contributes to mainstreaming Romani history in Europe's wider story.The project involves collaboration with German and British Romani and Traveller communities. A key element in terms both of methods and outputs will be the development of an interactive digital map.