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Good Citizens, Terrible Times: Community, Courage and Compliance in and beyond the Holocaust

好公民，可怕的时代：大屠杀内外的社区、勇气和服从

基本信息

批准号：
AH/X001490/1
负责人：
Mary Fulbrook
金额：
$ 36.07万
依托单位：
University College London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2023
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2023 至无数据
项目状态：
未结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FX001490%2F1
关键词：
Good Citizens Terrible Times Community

项目摘要

The sheer scale of what we call the Holocaust continues to challenge both scholars and wider publics around the world. Despite innumerable attempts to understand the organised mass murder of more than six million Jews, alongside Roma and Sinti, the mentally and physically disabled, and other victim groups, key questions remain. Research to date has highlighted German policies and practices, varieties of occupation and collaboration, as well as both organised resistance and individual rescue efforts. This project addresses areas that have not as yet received adequate attention: the significance of surrounding societies and notions of community and citizenship for the startlingly different survival rates of Jews in different areas of Europe. Survival rates ranged from a mere 5% in Lithuania to 95% in Denmark; and while 75% of Jews in France survived, only 25% of Jews in the Netherlands escaped deportation and death - a figure comparable to eastern Europe - while the survival rate in Belgium was midway between those of its closest neighbours. While scholars have explored a wide variety of factors, public perceptions tend to highlight the significance of individual actions. In particular, 'good citizenship' and 'civil courage' have been widely emphasised in civic education, pedagogical initiatives, and Holocaust memorialisation since 1945. Such approaches rarely register, however, that being a 'good citizen' in a state initiating and condoning violence against targeted minorities may in fact mean compliance with systemic violence. Our research focuses directly on conceptions and practices of citizenship and community, as these variously affected compliance with state or occupation policies, or inspired sympathy with those ousted if considered part of a wider 'community of empathy'. In-depth case studies explore Nazi Germany, in comparison both with annexed Austria, which became part of the Greater German Reich in 1938, and the occupied Netherlands. These are complemented by detailed comparative case studies of rescue and survival in France and Romania, given that structural and situational factors also affected the willingness and capacity of people to side with victims rather than perpetrators. Moreover, survival depended on the social environment or wider circumstances in which victims of Nazi persecution sought to 'go under', find refuge, or 'pass' among members of the surrounding society, depending on changing socio-political circumstances. A comprehensive survey of societal factors affecting survival in different areas of eastern and western Europe under changing circumstances will explore the significance of inter-ethnic and community relations before and during the war; structures of power and repression; and shifting aspirations, cultural conceptions, and borders of communities. The project combines broad structural analysis of changing historical circumstances with detailed exploration of subjective perceptions and individual behaviours in different settings, using diaries, letters, and memoirs by both Jews and non-Jews, and other archival sources. In this way, the research seeks to identify and disentangle the different elements of societal contexts that may help to explain variations in survival. By looking at contested constructions of citizenship, community, and compliance with both written and unwritten codes of behaviour, and by exploring the conditions under which those who were initially bystanders might become increasingly complicit or, by contrast, extend gestures of sympathy or assistance to victims, this collaborative research will make a significant contribution to the field of Holocaust studies in Germany, the UK, and internationally. It will also, by engaging with the implications of the findings for Holocaust memorialisation and civic education, contribute to a better understanding of issues surrounding notions of 'lesson learning' and citizenship, a topic of vital importance in Europe today.

我们所称的大屠杀的规模之大，继续对世界各地的学者和广大公众构成挑战。尽管无数人试图了解这场对600多万犹太人、罗姆人和辛提人、精神和身体残疾者以及其他受害者群体的有组织的大屠杀，但关键问题仍然存在。迄今为止的研究重点是德国的政策和做法，各种占领和合作，以及有组织的抵抗和个人的救援努力。该项目涉及尚未得到充分重视的领域：周围社会的重要性以及社区和公民身份的概念对欧洲不同地区犹太人惊人的不同存活率的影响。存活率从立陶宛的5%到丹麦的95%不等；在法国，75%的犹太人幸存下来，而在荷兰，只有25%的犹太人逃脱了驱逐和死亡——这一数字与东欧相当——而比利时的存活率介于其近邻之间。虽然学者们探讨了各种各样的因素，但公众的看法往往强调个人行为的重要性。自1945年以来，“良好公民身份”和“公民勇气”在公民教育、教学倡议和大屠杀纪念活动中得到了广泛强调。然而，这样的做法很少引起人们的注意，即在一个发起和容忍针对特定少数群体的暴力行为的国家中，做一个“好公民”实际上可能意味着服从系统性暴力。我们的研究直接关注公民身份和社区的概念和实践，因为这些不同程度地影响了国家或职业政策的遵守，或者激发了对被驱逐者的同情，如果被认为是更广泛的“同情社区”的一部分。深入的案例研究探讨了纳粹德国，将其与1938年成为大德意志帝国一部分的被吞并的奥地利和被占领的荷兰进行了比较。此外，还对法国和罗马尼亚的救援和生存情况进行了详细的比较案例研究，因为结构和情境因素也影响了人们站在受害者而不是肇事者一边的意愿和能力。此外，生存取决于社会环境或更广泛的环境，纳粹迫害的受害者寻求“消失”，寻找避难所，或在周围社会成员中“通过”，这取决于不断变化的社会政治环境。全面调查在不断变化的情况下影响东欧和西欧不同地区生存的社会因素将探讨战前和战时种族间和社区关系的意义；权力和压制的结构；以及不断变化的愿望、文化观念和社区边界。该项目结合了对不断变化的历史环境的广泛结构分析，以及对不同环境下主观感知和个人行为的详细探索，使用了犹太人和非犹太人的日记、信件、回忆录以及其他档案资料。通过这种方式，该研究试图识别和理清可能有助于解释生存差异的社会背景的不同因素。通过研究公民身份、社区和遵守书面和不成文行为准则的有争议的构建，并通过探索那些最初的旁观者可能变得越来越同谋的条件，或者相反，向受害者伸出同情或援助的姿态，这项合作研究将为德国、英国和国际上的大屠杀研究领域做出重大贡献。它还将结合调查结果对大屠杀纪念活动和公民教育的影响，有助于更好地理解围绕“教训学习”和公民身份概念的问题，这是当今欧洲至关重要的一个主题。