WOMEN IN ITALIAN FILM PRODUCTION: INDUSTRIAL HISTORIES AND GENDERED LABOUR, 1945-85

对意大利电影的主流描述往往完全抹杀了妇女的贡献。意大利新现实主义最经典的电影《罗马城》（1945年，罗马，《开放的城市》）是由一位名叫乔兰达·本韦努蒂的妇女剪辑的，这一点有多广为人知，甚至在意大利电影专家中也是如此？或者像亚历山德罗·布拉塞蒂和维托里奥·德西卡这样的杰出导演在很大程度上依赖于他们的女助理导演的贡献，分别是伊萨·巴塔利尼和路易莎·亚历山德罗里？多年来，意大利唯一一位被誉为女编剧的苏索·切奇·达米科在多大程度上得到了应有的评价？除了这些妇女，还有许多其他人的名字可以在电影学分的下游找到，还有数百名匿名工人的名字根本没有被记录下来。该项目将通过揭示在该行业鼎盛时期工作的隐形妇女来挑战关于男性成就的流行说法。该项目将首次系统地调查妇女在第二次世界大战后的几十年里，直到20世纪80年代意大利电影业衰落的兴起和肯定中的地位。与许多其他电影行业相比，20世纪40年代和50年代的意大利很少有女性担任负责/决策角色。后来进入电影业的女性也常常扮演着辅助角色，这些角色在传统上并没有得到太多的认可。该项目将从新的角度研究现有的档案，并将新的档案带入公共领域，从而为越来越多的关于电影业女性的研究做出实质性贡献。它将有助于了解妇女在20世纪40年代和20世纪70年代少数女导演出现之间在意大利电影的各个层面发挥创造性作用的程度。意大利电影业特别有趣，因为它呈现出与美国和英国电影业截然不同的特点，而美国和英国电影业是大多数关于女性电影工作者的研究对象。这些因素包括在其历史上高度的国家参与和政治干预，中小企业占主导地位，家族成员而不是大型工作室，以及不完整的工会组织-所有这些在其他欧洲和欧洲以外的国家也可以找到。该项目将收集在该行业担任不同角色的妇女的口头证词，包括制片人、编剧、助理导演、制片经理、秘书、法律的顾问、电影编辑和服装师。这些故事将与三位在不同领域工作的重要女性的个人文件一起阅读：编剧Suso Cecchi D 'Amico（私人持有），制片经理Mara Blasetti（Cineteca di Bologna）和纪录片制片人Cecilia Mangini（Cineteca di Bologna）。此外，团队成员将研究在意大利以及法国，英国和美国的公共机构持有的广泛的个人和行业档案。在某些情况下，这将需要重新访问Blasetti，De Sica，Visconti和制片人Cristaldi等导演的主要档案，研究像Bartalini和Alessandri这样在后台工作的女性的贡献，助理和秘书角色。在其他情况下，例如Suso Cecchi D 'Amico和她的女儿，以及制片人Marina Cicogna和Marina Cicogno，它将涉及将被忽视或未被承认的妇女重新融入对意大利电影创意和工业方面的理解。该项目将与意大利和联合王国行业和部门协会中的主要妇女接触，以提高对妇女在国家和国际行业中的历史贡献的认识，并揭示影响当代媒体行业中持续存在的性别劳动形式、薪酬不平等和性骚扰的长期因素。

The dominant accounts of Italian cinema have often erased completely the contributions of women. How widely is it known, even among specialists of Italian cinema, that the most canonical film of Italian neorealism, Roma città aperta (Rome Open City, 1945), was edited by a woman, Jolanda Benvenuti? Or that such prominent directors as Alessandro Blasetti and Vittorio De Sica relied heavily on the contributions of their female assistant directors, respectively Isa Bartalini and Luisa Alessandri? To what extent even has proper merit been given to Suso Cecchi d'Amico, for many years the only credited female screenwriter in Italy? Beyond these women, there are many others whose names can be found in the lower reaches of film credits and hundreds of anonymous workers whose names have not been recorded at all. This project will challenge the prevailing narratives of male achievement by shedding light on the invisible women who worked in the industry during its heyday. The project will for the first time systematically investigate the place of women in the rise and affirmation of the Italian film industry in the decades after World War Two until its decline in the 1980s. Compared to many other film industries, there were few women in responsible/decision-making roles in Italy in the 1940s and 1950s. Later also, the women who entered the industry often fulfilled support roles that have not conventionally achieved much recognition.The project will make a substantial contribution to the growing body of research on women in film industries by studying existing archives from a new perspective and bringing new archives into the public realm. It will contribute to an understanding of the extent to which women played a creative part at all levels of Italian cinema between the 1940s and the emergence of a handful of female directors in the 1970s. The Italian industry is especially interesting because it presents characteristics very different from the American and British industries which have formed the object of most research on female cinema workers. These include a high level of state involvement and political interference throughout its history, the predominance of small and medium-sized enterprises with a strong family component rather than large studios, and patchy unionisation - all of which can also be found in other European and extra-European countries. The project will gather oral testimonies from women who worked in the industry in different roles, including producer, screenwriter, assistant director, production manager, secretary, legal advisor, film editor and costumier. These stories will be read alongside the personal papers of three key women who worked in different spheres: the screenwriter Suso Cecchi D'Amico (held-privately), the production manager Mara Blasetti (Cineteca di Bologna) and the documentary film-maker Cecilia Mangini (Cineteca di Bologna). In addition, team members will study a wide range of personal and industry archives held in public institutions in Italy as well as France, the UK and the USA. In some cases, this will entail re-visiting major archives like those of the directors of Blasetti, De Sica, Visconti and the producer Cristaldi, researching the contributions of women like Bartalini and Alessandri who worked in the background, in assistant and secretarial roles. In other cases, such as that of Suso Cecchi D'Amico and her daughters, and the producers Marina Cicogna and Marina Piperno, it will involve reintegrating overlooked or under-acknowledged women into the understanding of both the creative and industrial aspects of Italian cinema. The project will engage with key women in industry and sector associations in Italy and the UK to raise awareness of the historical contribution of women in national and international industries and to shed light on the longstanding factors shaping ongoing forms of gendered labour, remunerative inequalities and sexual harassment in contemporary media industries.