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The Cult of the Duce: Mussolini and the Italians 1918-2005

对领袖的崇拜：墨索里尼和意大利人 1918-2005

基本信息

批准号：
AH/D001919/1
负责人：
Stephen Gundle
金额：
$ 61.48万
依托单位：
Royal Holloway University of London
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2006
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2006 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FD001919%2F1
关键词：
Cult Duce Mussolini Italians 1918

项目摘要

The cult of Mussolini is central to an understanding of twentieth century Italy and, more widely, to the role of charisma in modern history. Mussolini was the first political leader to harness systematically the techniques of theatre, the visual arts and the mass media to a personalised system of rule. The cult was vital to the way Italian Fascism became a regime, integrating the population in a system of consensus that appeared solid until it was undermined by the setbacks of World War Two. The aim of the project is to investigate the origins, nature, purposes, functioning and impact of the cult. The background to the emergence of narratives of exceptionality around Mussolini is to be found in the heroic era of the Risorgimento and the failure, in the subsequent period, of efforts to elevate Italy to the status of a great power. It is also to be related to the manner in which mass politics developed in a context of very limited franchise and widespread illiteracy. There was no direct equivalent of Goebbels in Italy and therefore the role of several key players requires close examination. The cult served various purposes and it will be the task of the project to identify, compare and weigh these. For example, for some it was an integral feature of Fascism's general project to reform the Italians. For others, it was a means of securing support for the regime and countering the influence of the King and the Pope. The cult manifested itself primarily, but by no means only, through visual means. It drew on existing visual archetypes and forged new ones related to new media. Therefore its aesthetics require assessment. The regime orchestrated Mussolini's appearances and it used various means to sound public opinion and test his popularity or otherwise. The responses of Italians of different regions and classes require study, as does the impact of the cult over time. It is usually assumed that the cult came to an end with Mussolini's overthrow in 1943, with an epilogue between 1943 and 1945. This project will not accept this as a given, but will examine the aftermath of the cult, that is to say the residues of it that have persisted in Italian culture and politics, and in popular memory, down to the present. The question of the cult is an appropriate one to research in the present context because issues of the media and politics, and of the construction of charisma, are highly topical. It is right that Mussolini should constitute the first focus of such a study because he was the first modern dictator to be the object of systematic promotion and adoration. The research will provide fundamental new understandings of the organisation, auto-representation and pattern of rule of Italian fascism. Wider insights will be gained into the following issues: the visual culture of fascism, charisma and consensus, the media and politics, the presentation of the leader in modern mass politics.

对墨索里尼的崇拜是理解二十世纪意大利的核心，更广泛地说，是理解魅力在现代历史中的作用的核心。墨索里尼是第一个系统地利用戏剧、视觉艺术和大众媒体的技术来建立个人化统治体系的政治领导人。这种邪教对意大利法西斯主义成为一个政权的方式至关重要，它将民众融入了一个共识体系，这个体系似乎很稳固，直到第二次世界大战的挫折破坏了它。该项目的目的是调查邪教的起源、性质、目的、运作和影响。围绕墨索里尼的特殊性叙事出现的背景可以在复兴运动的英雄时代以及随后将意大利提升为大国地位的努力失败中找到。它还与大众政治在公民权非常有限和普遍文盲的背景下发展的方式有关。在意大利没有直接相当于戈培尔的人物，因此需要仔细研究几个关键人物的作用。邪教服务于各种目的，这将是该项目的任务，以确定，比较和权衡这些。例如，对某些人来说，对意大利人进行改革是法西斯主义总计划的一个组成部分。对另一些人来说，这是一种确保对政权的支持和对抗国王和教皇影响的手段。邪教主要通过视觉手段表现自己，但绝不仅仅是通过视觉手段。它借鉴了现有的视觉原型，并打造了与新媒体相关的新原型。因此，它的美学需要评估。该政权精心策划了墨索里尼的露面，并使用各种手段来听取公众意见，并测试他的受欢迎程度或其他。不同地区和阶层的意大利人的反应需要研究，邪教随着时间的推移产生的影响也需要研究。通常认为，该邪教在1943年墨索里尼被推翻后结束，并在1943年至1945年期间结束。这个项目不会接受这一点，但将审查邪教的后果，也就是说，它的残余物一直坚持在意大利文化和政治，并在公众的记忆，直到现在。在当前的背景下，邪教问题是一个适合研究的问题，因为媒体和政治问题，以及魅力的构建问题，都是非常热门的话题。墨索里尼应该成为这种研究的第一个焦点，这是正确的，因为他是第一个现代独裁者，是系统的推广和崇拜的对象。本研究将为意大利法西斯主义的组织、自我表现和统治模式提供新的认识。更广泛的见解将获得以下问题：法西斯主义的视觉文化，魅力和共识，媒体和政治，在现代大众政治的领导人的介绍。