The Palestinian Americas: revolutionary struggle across the global south, 1950-1979

巴勒斯坦解放斗争长期以来一直是世界各地反殖民运动的旗手。然而，很少有学者研究巴勒斯坦人将他们的事业植根于全球南部其他斗争中的历史过程。《巴勒斯坦美洲》是第一个详细记录巴勒斯坦人如何在特定地理环境中建立这种关系的项目：拉丁美洲在1950年代、60年代和70年代的地理环境。该项目没有假设第三世界的团结是在冷战逻辑下独立的国家或地区集团产生的，而是关注散居海外的巴勒斯坦人的革命激进主义，强调绕过欧洲和北美渠道的南南迁移和联系的形式。自20世纪初以来，拉丁美洲一直是中东以外世界上巴勒斯坦人最多的家园(约100万人)，尤其集中在中美洲和智利。虽然这些社区长期以来一直以商业企业家的成功而闻名，但从20世纪50年代起，相当多的人加入了拉丁美洲的革命运动。在第三世界团结日益增强的背景下，新一代活动人士越来越多地接触到新生的巴勒斯坦解放斗争，他们试图将当地的激进主义与反帝国抵抗的全球图景联系起来。然而，他们还必须与拉丁美洲巴勒斯坦同胞的敌意作斗争，后者经常将参与左翼激进主义视为对他们经济利益的威胁。该项目探索了这些散居空间的复杂性和特殊性，为20世纪中期形成南南团结所涉及的斗争提供了新的见解。从萨尔瓦多的土著土地改革要求，到智利的学生运动，再到尼加拉瓜的桑地诺起义，拉丁美洲的巴勒斯坦革命者都深陷当地的社会政治背景。与此同时，他们的激进主义经常迫使他们过上秘密的生活方式，逃避迫害，寻求建立新的团结纽带。这项研究使用精心挑选的案例研究，通过人种学和纪录片来源的结合，探索运动、本地化空间和革命激进主义之间的相互作用，重建支持散居国外的巴勒斯坦人在不同地点的危险旅程中生存的亲属和意识形态网络。本研究主要针对三个方面的成果。首先，一份领先的全球历史期刊上的一篇文章将把智利圣地亚哥作为拉丁美洲和中东各地巴勒斯坦革命活动家的中心，以便对全球历史学家如何在第三世界革命时代探索南南团结进行更广泛的干预。第二，一次国际会议和由此产生的特别问题将确立一个新的集体研究议程，研究散居国外的阿拉伯人对巴勒斯坦斗争的历史性参与。第三，该项目将把在智利、萨尔瓦多和法国保存的材料数字化，以制作3个新的收藏品和伯利恒星球档案馆中的2个数字故事。伯利恒档案馆是一个在线资源，记录了大部分巴勒斯坦人移民到美洲的伯利恒侨民遗产。该项目将通过一项协商参与计划，使这些成果对学术部门以外的主要利益攸关方有用，该方案使PI与拉丁美洲的档案馆和文化组织以及一群散居国外的巴勒斯坦作家和艺术家合作，共同制定一系列公共活动、教育材料和媒体出版物。国际和平协会还将起草一本面向普通读者的书，讲述20世纪拉丁美洲与巴勒斯坦斗争的纠缠故事。

The Palestinian liberation struggle has long been a standard-bearer for anti-colonial movements around the world. Rarely, however, have scholars investigated the historical process by which Palestinians embedded their cause within other struggles in the global south. The Palestinian Americas is the first project to document in detail how Palestinians forged such ties in a specific geographical context: that of Latin America in the 1950s, 60s and 70s. Rather than assume Third World solidarities to have been produced across discrete national or regional blocs operating under Cold War logics, the project focuses on the revolutionary activism of diasporic Palestinians, emphasising forms of south-south migration and connectivity that bypassed European and North American channels.Since the early 20th century, Latin America has been home to the largest number of Palestinians in the world outside the Middle East (around 1 million), with particularly high concentrations in Central America and Chile. While these communities have long been known for their success as business entrepreneurs, significant numbers joined Latin American revolutionary movements from the 1950s onwards. Against a backdrop of rising Third World solidarity, this new generation of activists came into increasing contact with the nascent Palestinian liberation struggle as they sought to link their local activism to a global picture of anti-imperial resistance. Yet they also had to contend with hostility among fellow Palestinians in Latin America who often viewed involvement in left-wing activism as a threat to their economic interests. The project explores the complexity and specificity of these diasporic spaces, providing new insight on the struggles involved in forming south-south solidarities in the mid-20th century. From indigenous demands for land reform in El Salvador, to student movements in Chile, to the Sandinista uprising in Nicaragua, Palestinian revolutionaries in Latin America were embedded within distinctly local socio-political contexts. At the same time, their activism frequently forced them into clandestine lifestyles as they escaped persecution and sought to build new ties of solidarity. Using carefully chosen case studies, the research probes this interplay between movement, localised space and revolutionary activism through a combination of ethnographic and documentary sources, reconstructing the networks of kin and ideology that sustained diasporic Palestinians in their precarious journeys across disparate locations. The research is geared towards 3 main outputs. Firstly, an article in a leading journal of global history will look at Santiago de Chile as a hub for Palestinian revolutionary activists from across Latin America and the Middle East in order to make a broader intervention in how global historians can explore south-south solidarities in the era of Third World revolution. Secondly, an international conference and resulting special issue will establish a new, collective research agenda looking at the Arab diaspora's historic engagement with the Palestinian struggle. Thirdly, the project will digitise materials held in Chile, El Salvador and France to produce 3 new collections and 2 digital stories in the Planet Bethlehem Archive, an online resource that documents the diasporic heritage of Bethlehem - the town that produced the majority of Palestinian migration to the Americas.The project will make these outputs useful to key stakeholders beyond the academic sector through a consultative engagement programme that sees the PI partnering with archives and cultural organisations in Latin America, as well as a group of diasporic Palestinian writers and artists, to shape collectively a series of public events, educational materials and media publications. The PI will also draft a book aimed at a general readership which tells the story of Latin America's entanglement with the Palestinian struggle in the 20th century.