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Merchants and miracles: global circulations and the making of modern Bethlehem

商人与奇迹：全球流通与现代伯利恒的形成

基本信息

批准号：
AH/P013384/1
负责人：
Jacob Norris
金额：
$ 25.79万
依托单位：
University of Sussex
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Fellowship
财政年份：
2017
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2017 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FP013384%2F1
关键词：
Merchants miracles global circulations making

项目摘要

Bethlehem holds an iconic status around the world, but the town and its people remain little understood. With two key outputs in the form of a digital archive and a monograph, and an accompanying campaign of public engagement, this project brings to life Bethlehem's modern history of global movement and exchange. In so doing, it creates a new way of thinking about the role of global influences in Middle Eastern history. Between 1860 and 1930 merchants from the town circulated the globe, selling Bethlehem-made devotional objects such as crosses, rosaries and model shrines. Their creation of a Bethlehem 'brand' helped produce today's image of the sleepy hilltop village of the nativity. But it also brought unprecedented change to the real Bethlehem. As the town's residents adopted increasingly transnational lifestyles, they transformed tiny Bethlehem into one of the most globally connected, socially dynamic towns anywhere in the Middle East. This matters to wider understandings of the region because global dynamics in this critical period are usually presented as arriving from the 'outside' via European imperialism, Zionism, and western missionaries. By contrast this project reinstates Arab Palestinians as active shapers of the region's entanglement with globalisation. Recent scholarship has paid close attention to the mass migrations out of Ottoman Syria (which included Palestine) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries - movements that laid the foundations of today's global Arab diaspora. But the impact of these migrations on local Middle Eastern society has not yet been systematically explored. Bethlehem provides the opportunity to do this, not just because its residents' migrations were inherently circular, but also because they served as 'pioneers' for hundreds of thousands to follow in their wake. People from all over the region mimicked their success selling 'Holy Land' objects, often feigning affiliation with Bethlehem and Jerusalem where none existed. As with the Bethlehem merchants, they largely hailed from small towns and tended to reinvest their new wealth back in their place of origin. By the turn of the 20th century a discernible migrant 'nouveau riche' had appeared across the Middle East, exerting a disruptive but hitherto undocumented impact on structures of class, family, gender and religiosity.The project's two major outputs will explore this interplay between global migration and localised social change from differing yet complementary angles. First, the digital archive will provide an open access, online resource consisting of thousands of images, video/audio recordings, and interactive 3-D models that allow users to trace the global networks that have shaped Bethlehem's development. Once the archive's initial collection is made publicly accessible it will expand through crowd-sourced contributions from Bethlehem and its diaspora. Second, a monograph using a 'global microhistory' methodology will build on materials collected in the archive to reconstruct seminal moments in the life of one merchant from the town that encapsulate the transformations wrought by Bethlehem's global interactions. The PI's partnership with Leila Sansour, an acclaimed film-maker from Bethlehem, will locate this work between and beyond the academy, using Bethlehem as a case study to shed new light on pressing public debates surrounding Middle Eastern migration and mobility. Today we are used to images of Palestinians being restricted in their movements, but we are rarely presented with any longer historical context. The project's outreach programme will address this gap by contrasting the hyper-mobility once enjoyed by Bethlehem with the grave problems the town faces today on the fault-lines of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. These activities will help restore Bethlehem's former sense of connectedness by bringing its unique story to new public audiences, as well as re-forging links across its global diaspora.

伯利恒在世界各地都有着标志性的地位，但人们对这座城市及其人民的了解仍然很少。该项目以数字档案和专著的形式提供了两项关键产出，并伴随着公众参与运动，使伯利恒的现代全球运动和交流历史栩栩如生。通过这样做，它创造了一种新的方式来思考全球影响力在中东历史中的作用。1860年至1930年期间，来自该镇的商人在地球仪上四处流通，出售伯利恒制造的祈祷物品，如十字架、念珠和神殿模型。他们创造的伯利恒“品牌”帮助产生了今天沉睡的山顶村庄的形象。但它也给真实的伯利恒带来了前所未有的变化。随着该镇居民越来越多地采用跨国生活方式，他们将小小的伯利恒变成了中东地区最具全球联系和社会活力的城镇之一。这对更广泛地理解该地区很重要，因为在这个关键时期，全球动态通常被认为是通过欧洲帝国主义、犹太复国主义和西方传教士从“外部”到达的。相比之下，这个项目恢复了阿拉伯巴勒斯坦人作为该地区与全球化纠缠的积极塑造者。最近的学术研究密切关注19世纪末和20世纪初奥斯曼叙利亚（包括巴勒斯坦）的大规模移民--这些移民运动奠定了今天全球阿拉伯移民的基础。但这些移民对当地中东社会的影响尚未得到系统的探讨。伯利恒提供了这样做的机会，不仅因为其居民的迁移本质上是循环的，而且因为他们充当了数十万人跟随的“先驱”。来自该地区各地的人们模仿他们成功销售“圣地”物品，经常假装与伯利恒和耶路撒冷有联系，而这些地方根本不存在。与伯利恒商人一样，他们大多来自小城镇，倾向于将他们的新财富重新投资回他们的原籍。到了20世纪之交，一个明显的移民“暴发户”出现在整个中东地区，对阶级、家庭、性别和宗教信仰的结构产生了破坏性的、迄今为止没有记录的影响。该项目的两个主要成果将从不同但互补的角度探讨全球移民和地方社会变革之间的相互作用。首先，数字档案将提供一个开放的在线资源，其中包括数千张图像、视频/音频记录和交互式3D模型，使用户能够追踪塑造伯利恒发展的全球网络。一旦档案馆的最初收藏被公开，它将通过来自伯利恒及其散居地的众包贡献而扩大。其次，一本使用“全球微观历史”方法的专著将建立在档案馆收集的材料上，以重建一个商人生活中的开创性时刻，这些商人来自伯利恒的全球互动所带来的转变。PI与来自伯利恒的著名电影制片人Leila Sansour的合作将在学院内外开展这项工作，以伯利恒为案例研究，为围绕中东移民和流动性的紧迫公共辩论提供新的视角。今天，我们已经习惯了巴勒斯坦人的行动受到限制的形象，但我们很少看到任何更长的历史背景。该项目的推广方案将弥补这一差距，将伯利恒曾经享有的高度流动性与该镇今天在以色列-巴勒斯坦冲突的断层线上面临的严重问题进行对比。这些活动将有助于恢复伯利恒以前的联系感，将其独特的故事介绍给新的公众受众，并重新建立其全球散居者之间的联系。