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VISUAL PROCESSING OF FEATURES AND OBJECTS IN AGING

老化过程中特征和物体的视觉处理

基本信息

批准号：
3119294
负责人：
JAMES L ZACKS
金额：
$ 8.39万
依托单位：
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
依托单位国家：
美国
项目类别：
财政年份：
1988
资助国家：
美国
起止时间：
1988-08-01 至 1992-07-31
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/3119294
关键词：
aging attention cognition human old age (65+) human subject neural information processing stimulus /response visual feedback visual perception visual stimulus young adult human (21-34)

项目摘要

This research project on visual perceptual processes in aging focuses on object perception. The initial research will examine whether the basic mechanisms of object perception are the same for young and old adults. A pilot study suggests that they are, although they may differ in detail. The research will explore two areas in which the detail may differ. The first is the nature of the basic perceptual elements from which objects are formed. The second is in the processes by which those perceptual features are combined to form objects. The investigations of Anne Treisman and coworkers of object perception mechanisms in young adults provides much of the theory and methodology of the proposed experiments. Their work has capitalized on a basic phenomenon. A target stimulus which has a feature not shared by distracting stimuli will "pop out" of the distractors, whereas a target which does not have a unique feature, but which shares features with the distractors, must be searched for with the expenditure of considerable congnitive effort. In one set of experiments, several search techniques which capitalize on the "pop out" phenomenon will be used to identify some features which might change with aging. Others sets of experiments will focus on the processes by which features are combined to form objects. Because attention has been shown to be important to some of the combination processes, these experiments are designed to characterize the changes which reduced attentional capacity is likely to produce. One such set of experiments will look for possible reductions in the number of items which can be searched as a group. Some general perceptual organizational processes are also known to influence the grouping of features into objects. Another set of experiments will examine the stability of those organizational processes with aging. Finally, other cognitive factors have been shown to influence object perception in younger adults. A set of experiments will examine whether cognitive changes in aging modify these organizational influences on object perception. The proposed program of research will help characterize the extent to which and in what circumstances older adults have difficulty with object perception. It will help identify special situations in which older adult may be at a disadvantage. The research can also contribute to the formulation of guidelines for presenting visual information effectively to older adults.

这个关于衰老过程中视觉感知过程的研究项目专注于物体感知。初步研究将检查物体感知的基本机制是否相同适合年轻人和老年人。一项试点研究表明，它们是，尽管它们可能在细节上有所不同。该研究将探索两个细节可能有所不同的区域。首先是性质形成物体的基本感知元素。第二个是那些感知特征的过程组合起来形成物体。 Anne Treisman 及其同事对物体的研究年轻人的感知机制提供了大部分所提出的实验的理论和方法。他们的工作利用了一个基本现象。目标刺激具有分散注意力的刺激所不具有的特征，会“弹出” 干扰因素，而没有独特的目标特征，但与干扰项共享特征，必须是花费了相当大的认知成本来寻找努力。在一组实验中，多种搜索技术利用“弹出”现象将被用来确定一些可能随着年龄的增长而改变的特征。其他的一系列实验将重点关注特征的过程组合起来形成物体。因为注意力已经显现对于某些组合过程很重要，这些实验旨在表征这些变化可能会产生注意力能力下降。一套这样的实验将寻找可能减少的数量可以作为一个组进行搜索的项目。一些普遍的感性认识众所周知，组织流程也会影响分组将特征转化为对象。另一组实验将检验这些组织流程随老化的稳定性。最后，其他认知因素已被证明会影响年轻人的物体感知。一组实验将检查衰老过程中的认知变化是否会改变这些组织对物体感知的影响。拟议的研究计划将有助于描述老年人在何种程度上以及在什么情况下物体感知困难。它将有助于识别特殊老年人可能处于不利地位的情况。这研究还可以有助于制定指导方针向老年人有效地呈现视觉信息。