Understanding Cognition-Emotion Interactions in Attention and Memory: An Integrative Approach

在过去的十年里，人们对认知和情感之间的相互作用产生了极大的兴趣，这是由于认识到这一研究对基础科学和临床科学的重要意义。神经影像学研究已经确定了几个参与调节认知-情绪相互作用的大脑系统（例如，Anderson & Phelps, 2001; Pessoa, 2013; Vuilleumier, 2005），这为这些现象提供了有力的证据。研究人员已经证明，在各种各样的条件下，情绪刺激比情感中性刺激更容易受到关注，也更容易被记住。， Murphy & Isaacowitz, 2008；Sears, Thomas, LeHuquet, & Johnson, 2010；Yiend, 2010)。研究人员还表明，我们所经历的情绪变化会影响我们感知世界的方式、关注世界的方式以及记忆世界的方式（例如，Dolcos, 2010; Eich, Geraerts, Schooler, & Forgas, 2008）。拟议的研究项目的重点将放在这两个领域的交叉点上：我的研究团队将研究情绪如何影响情绪材料的注意力和记忆。重要的是，我们许多研究的参与者将是年轻人和老年人（60岁以上），这将使我们能够测试情感材料的注意力和记忆的年龄差异（回顾，见Reed， Chan, & Mikels, 2014）。*眼球注视跟踪和记录将用于测量对刺激（图像和文字）的注意力。精确跟踪和记录个体凝视的能力将使我们的实验能够辨别个体在信息处理过程中的瞬间差异，从最初的注意力方向到随后在由多个单词或图像组成的显示中注意力的转移。我们还将使用眼球注视追踪来测量注意力从情绪刺激中脱离（注意力从单词或图像上转移的速度），这比使用手动反应延迟来推断注意力脱离要好。我的研究计划将包括对比实验诱导的情绪（通过积极和消极情绪诱导程序，例如，Newman & Sears, 2015），以及对比自然发生情绪的个体（例如，在积极和消极情绪测量中得分高或低的个体，例如，Arndt, Newman, & Sears, 2014）。在许多实验中，我们将通过在参与者访问实验室1-2周后进行偶然识别测试，来检验注意力与情绪刺激记忆之间的偶然关系。这些研究将极大地促进研究人员对注意力、记忆和情感如何整合到人类认知中的理解，并将对现有理论和新理论的发展产生重大影响。

During the past decade there has been a great deal of interest in the interactions between cognition and*emotion, which has been driven by the recognition of the important implications of this research for both basic*and clinical sciences. Neuroimaging studies have identified several brain systems involved in mediating*cognition-emotion interactions (e.g., Anderson & Phelps, 2001; Pessoa, 2013; Vuilleumier, 2005), which has*contributed to the weight of evidence for these phenomena. Researchers have shown that emotional stimuli are*attended to more and remembered better than affectively neutral stimuli, under a wide variety of conditions*(e.g., Murphy & Isaacowitz, 2008; Sears, Thomas, LeHuquet, & Johnson, 2010; Yiend, 2010). Researchers*have also shown that the shifts in mood we experience can affect the way we perceive the world, the way we*attend to it, and how we remember it (e.g., Dolcos, 2010; Eich, Geraerts, Schooler, & Forgas, 2008). The*focus of the proposed research program will be on the intersection of these two domains: my research team*will examine how mood affects attention and memory for emotional material. Importantly, the participants in*many of our studies will be younger and older adults (60+ years of age), which will allow us to test for age*differences in attention and memory for emotional material (for a review, see Reed, Chan, & Mikels, 2014).*Eye gaze tracking and recording will be used to measure attention to stimuli (both images and words). The*ability to precisely track and record an individual's gaze will allow our experiments to discern individual*differences in the moment-by-moment processing of information, from the initial orientation of attention to*subsequent shifts of attention within displays composed of multiple words or images. We will also use eye*gaze tracking to measure the disengagement of attention from emotional stimuli (the speed at which attention*is shifted away from a word or image), which is superior to using manual response latencies to infer*attentional disengagement. My research program will include experiments contrasting experimentally-induced*moods (via positive and negative mood induction procedures; e.g., Newman & Sears, 2015), and experiments*contrasting individuals varying in naturally occurring moods (e.g., individuals scoring high or low on*measures of positive and negative mood; e.g., Arndt, Newman, & Sears, 2014). In many experiments*we will examine the casual relations between attention and memory for emotional stimuli by administering*tests of incidental recognition 1-2 weeks after a participant's lab visit. These studies will significantly advance*researchers' understanding of how attention, memory, and emotion are integrated in human cognition, and will*have significant implications for existing theories and new theory development.