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Mechanical adaptation of cortical and trabecular bone morphology in the mammalian mandible

哺乳动物下颌骨皮质和骨小梁形态的机械适应

基本信息

批准号：
BB/I008462/1
负责人：
Michael Fagan
金额：
$ 43.58万
依托单位：
University of Hull
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2011
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2011 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FI008462%2F1
关键词：
Mechanical adaptation cortical trabecular bone

项目摘要

The morphology of jaws and teeth can tell us much about how an animal breaks down its food. Herbivorous animals such as cows and sheep have, for example, relatively flat-topped teeth and jaw joints that allow horizontal movements of the lower jaw so that they can grind their food. Meat-eating animals such as cats, on the other hand, have blade-like teeth and jaw joints that allow only vertical movements of the lower jaw. These different ways of breaking down food cause very different forces acting on the teeth and jaw bones, which raise several fundamental questions: How are chewing forces transferred from the teeth through the jaws? What role does tooth shape play in the distribution of these forces? How does the bone in the jaws adapt to these different forces? However, answering these questions is not an easy task, since important information is currently missing. Firstly, little is known about the variation of the internal morphology (geometry) of the jaws between mammalian species, since a comprehensive study of this morphology depends on the availability of high-resolution computed tomography scans and these have become available only recently. Secondly, the strains in the bone resulting from different chewing forces are not well known, and can only be measured on the bone surface. We will address these questions by studying the internal morphology of the lower jaw in mammal species with very different and well-known feeding adaptations. We will apply a combination of state-of-the-art image processing based on high-resolution data, functional computer modelling and mechanical experiments. We will focus on a part of the lower jaw that is known to experience high stresses and strains during chewing, the bone beneath the cheek teeth. The overarching aim is to understand the link between internal bone morphology, tooth morphology and chewing forces. Our group and close collaborators have a very strong research record in the modelling of masticatory function and the study of mechanical adaptations in the skull. We have already provided new insights into the form and function of the skull in mammals (primates including humans) and reptiles (lizards), and in the process developed new methodological approaches for this type of work. Plus we have already examined the mechanical significance of the different shapes of modern human and Neanderthal mandibles. The proposed project will continue and combine these successful lines of research to elucidate the relationships between masticatory loads and the internal and external architecture of the mandible in mammal species with very different dietary habits. With this vital underpinning knowledge, we then plan to extend this work in subsequent proposals to consider clinical and dental applications, especially ageing of the masticatory apparatus, tooth loss and replacement by the latest generation of dental implants which attach directly to the bone. There will be many beneficiaries of our work, including researchers from diverse disciplines (such as, comparative anatomy, functional morphology, palaeontology, dentistry), the UK science base in general (through training of young scientists in an interdisciplinary framework, attraction of overseas students and collaborators), the wider public (public engagement, media interest) and clinicians (dentists and orthodontists).

下巴和牙齿的形态可以告诉我们很多关于动物如何分解食物的信息。例如，牛和羊等草食动物具有相对平顶的牙齿和颌关节，允许下颌水平运动，以便它们可以磨碎食物。另一方面，诸如猫之类的食肉动物则具有刀片状的牙齿和下颌关节，仅允许下颌垂直运动。这些不同的分解食物的方式会导致作用在牙齿和颌骨上的力截然不同，这就提出了几个基本问题：咀嚼力如何从牙齿传递到颌骨？齿形在这些力的分布中起什么作用？颌骨如何适应这些不同的力？然而，回答这些问题并不是一件容易的事，因为目前缺少重要信息。首先，人们对哺乳动物物种之间颌部内部形态（几何形状）的变化知之甚少，因为对这种形态的全面研究取决于高分辨率计算机断层扫描的可用性，而这些扫描最近才变得可用。其次，不同咀嚼力引起的骨骼应变尚不清楚，只能在骨骼表面进行测量。我们将通过研究具有截然不同且众所周知的摄食适应的哺乳动物下颌的内部形态来解决这些问题。我们将结合基于高分辨率数据的最先进的图像处理、功能计算机建模和机械实验。我们将重点关注下颌的一部分，即颊齿下方的骨头，该部分在咀嚼过程中会承受高压力和张力。首要目标是了解内部骨骼形态、牙齿形态和咀嚼力之间的联系。我们的团队和密切合作者在咀嚼功能建模和头骨机械适应研究方面拥有非常丰富的研究记录。我们已经对哺乳动物（包括人类在内的灵长类动物）和爬行动物（蜥蜴）头骨的形式和功能提供了新的见解，并在此过程中为此类工作开发了新的方法。另外，我们已经研究了现代人类和尼安德特人下颌骨不同形状的机械意义。拟议的项目将继续并结合这些成功的研究路线，以阐明饮食习惯截然不同的哺乳动物物种的咀嚼负荷与下颌骨内部和外部结构之间的关系。有了这一重要的基础知识，我们计划在后续提案中扩展这项工作，以考虑临床和牙科应用，特别是咀嚼装置的老化、牙齿脱落以及直接附着在骨头上的最新一代牙种植体的替换。我们的工作将有许多受益者，包括来自不同学科的研究人员（例如比较解剖学、功能形态学、古生物学、牙科）、整个英国科学基础（通过在跨学科框架中培训年轻科学家、吸引海外学生和合作者）、更广泛的公众（公众参与、媒体兴趣）和临床医生（牙医和正畸医生）。