Tracking energy expenditure in insect flight: from the contractile proteins to the animal's wake

跟踪昆虫飞行中的能量消耗：从收缩蛋白到动物的唤醒

基本信息

批准号：
BB/J001244/1
负责人：
Richard Bomphrey
金额：
$ 37.86万
依托单位：
University of Oxford
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2012
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2012 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FJ001244%2F1
关键词：
Tracking energy expenditure insect flight

项目摘要

Insects are amongst the most diverse, successful and economically important orders on earth and flight is key to their success. Flight is one of the most energetically expensive modes of locomotion and there are few aspects of an insect's ecology, behaviour and physiology that are not affected by its energetic demands. During all modes of locomotion, muscles convert chemical energy (ultimately derived from food) into mechanical work that is ultimately transferred to the environment to produce movement. Ideally, to achieve a full understanding of the system, we need to be able to trace the transfer of energy between all levels of organisation from the contractile proteins to the momentum transferred to the animal's wake and relate this to the animal's locomotor performance, morphology and ecology. This has not yet been achieved for any mode of locomotion. However, by combining research expertise in muscle physiology and locomotor energetics at Leeds and fluid dynamics at Oxford it is achievable in insect flight. The overall aim of this proposed research is to use an integrative, multidisciplinary approach to determine, in insect flight, the transfer of energy from biochemical potential energy, through the muscles, to the surrounding air. This will be achieved by tracking the transduction of energy by quantifying the following. First, we will determine the whole organism metabolic rate by measuring the rates of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during tethered flight in a wind tunnel. Second, we will measure the muscle's metabolic rate by measuring the total enthalpy during contraction - this is the sum of the mechanical work generated by the flight muscles and the heat that is liberated due to the inefficiencies of the contraction. The mechanical work generated by the muscles will be determined by simulating the muscle length change and activity pattern during flight. At the same time, we will use a thermopile to measure the heat liberated both during and after the contraction and determine the efficiency of the crossbridges, the efficiency with which the mitochondria re-synthesise ATP by oxidative phosphorylation and the inefficiencies arising due to the costs of muscle activation. Finally we will determine the efficiency of the wings in transferring the work generated by the flight muscles into useful energy in the air. This will be done using a technique called Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) that allows the velocities of air flowing around the wings and in the wake to be quantified. By selecting insects with either synchronous or asynchronous flight muscles, closely related species with different ecologies, unrelated species demonstrating convergent ecological and morphological evolution and geometrically similar species across a range of body sizes, we will identify the main cause or causes of differences in locomotor efficiency across a range of sizes, guilds and taxonomic groups. We will be able to explain differences in overall efficiency of locomotion in terms of the underlying processes: the efficiency of the crossbridges, the efficiency of the mitochondria in re-synthesising ATP, the aerodynamic efficiency of the wings and differences in the ability to store energy in muscle elasticity. Together, our results will provide an unprecedented understanding of energy expenditure in this diverse and ecologically important group.

昆虫是地球上最多样化，最成功和经济上最重要的命令之一，这是其成功的关键。飞行是运动上最昂贵的模式之一，昆虫的生态，行为和生理学几乎没有受其充满活力的需求影响。在所有运动模式下，肌肉将化学能（最终从食物衍生而来）转化为机械工作，最终被转移到环境中以产生运动。理想情况下，为了充分了解系统，我们需要能够追踪各个组织从收缩蛋白到动物唤醒的动量之间的能量转移，并将其与动物的运动性能，形态和生态学联系起来。对于任何运动方式，尚未实现这一点。但是，通过在牛津的利兹和流体动力学上结合肌肉生理学和运动能量学方面的研究专业知识，可以在昆虫飞行中实现。这项拟议的研究的总体目的是使用一种综合性的多学科方法来确定昆虫飞行中的能量从生化势能通过肌肉转移到周围的空气中。这将通过量化以下内容来跟踪能量的转导来实现。首先，我们将通过在风洞中的束缚飞行过程中测量氧气消耗和二氧化碳的产生速率来确定整个生物体代谢率。其次，我们将通过测量收缩过程中的总焓来测量肌肉的代谢率 - 这是飞行肌肉产生的机械工作的总和，以及由于收缩效率低下而被释放的热量。肌肉产生的机械工作将通过模拟飞行过程中的肌肉长度变化和活动模式来确定。同时，我们将使用热门填料来测量收缩期间和之后释放的热量，并确定跨桥的效率，线粒体通过氧化磷酸化和效率低的效率通过肌肉激活的成本而导致的效率不足的效率。最后，我们将确定机翼在将飞行肌肉产生的工作转移到空气中有用的能量中的效率。这将使用称为粒子图像速度法（PIV）的技术来完成，该技术允许在机翼周围流动的空气速度并在尾流中进行量化。通过选择具有同步或异步飞行肌肉的昆虫，与不同生态的密切相关的物种，无关的物种表现出融合的生态和形态学进化和几何相似的物种，我们将在各种体型范围内确定跨大型体积的主要原因或在跨越范围内的差异效率的差异效率的主要原因或分类。我们将能够解释运动的整体效率的差异：基础过程：跨桥的效率，线粒体在重新合成的ATP中的效率，机翼的空气动力学效率以及在肌肉弹性中存储能量的能力的空气动力学效率。总之，我们的结果将为这个多样化和生态重要的群体提供对能源支出的前所未有的理解。

项目成果

期刊论文数量（10）

专著数量（0）

科研奖励数量（0）

会议论文数量（0）

专利数量（0）

Leading Edge Vortex Evolution and Lift Production on Rotating Wings (Invited)

DOI：
10.2514/6.2016-0288
发表时间：
2016-01
期刊：
影响因子：
0
作者：
Anya R. Jones;F. Manar;N. Phillips;T. Nakata;R. Bomphrey;M. Ringuette;M. Perçin;B. W. Oudheusden;Jennifer Palmer
通讯作者：
Anya R. Jones;F. Manar;N. Phillips;T. Nakata;R. Bomphrey;M. Ringuette;M. Perçin;B. W. Oudheusden;Jennifer Palmer

Efficiency of lift production in six species of hawk moths

六种天蛾的升力产生效率

DOI：
发表时间：
2013
期刊：
Integrative and Comparative Biology
影响因子：
2.6
作者：
Henningsson, P;
通讯作者：
Henningsson, P;

Smart wing rotation and trailing-edge vortices enable high frequency mosquito flight.

DOI：
10.1038/nature21727
发表时间：
2017-04-06
期刊：
Nature
影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Bomphrey RJ;Nakata T;Phillips N;Walker SM
通讯作者：
Walker SM

Flight of the dragonflies and damselflies.

DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2015.0389
发表时间：
2016-09-26
期刊：
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
影响因子：
0
作者：
Bomphrey RJ;Nakata T;Henningsson P;Lin HT
通讯作者：
Lin HT

Genetic manipulation of Drosophila wing morphology and its effect on flight performance

果蝇翅膀形态的遗传操纵及其对飞行性能的影响