Fractionation and exploitation of the component value of DDGS

DDGS成分价值的分离与开发

基本信息

批准号：
BB/J019445/1
负责人：
David Jonathan Leak
金额：
$ 45.43万
依托单位：
University of Bath
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2013
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2013 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FJ019445%2F1
关键词：
Fractionation exploitation component value DDGS

项目摘要

Some fermentation processes, eg brewing, use cereal starch as their source of carbohydrate. Typically, the residue of the cereal grain is not separated until the end of the fermentation process. In distilleries or in processes designed to produce alcohol for fuel, the liquid stream then goes through distillation which leaves a liquid residue ("thin stillage"). In large scale operations, the liquid and grain residues are dried to produce "distillers dried grain and solubles" (DDGS) which can be used as animal feed. In the UK, at least 2 large-scale wheat to alcohol plants will soon be operating. These will convert low-grade feed-wheat (of which the UK typically has a surplus) to alcohol for use as an automotive fuel, co-producing large quantities of DDGS, of a fairly consistent composition. The industrial members of IBTI have set a challenge of adding value to this DDGS, which this project addresses. Apart from the starch, cereal grain is composed mainly of protein, fibre and other non-starch carbohydrate and fats. The main animal feed value is contained in the protein, but the high fibre content means that DDGS is only useful for ruminant animals. In this project we intend to separate some of the protein, carbohydrate and fats and use them to produce higher value products, while still retaining the option to use the protein component as an animal feed, possibly for poultry. The latter is important as using DDGS as animal feed replaces imported soybean and thus, can reduce the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with soybean production and importation. Therefore, the challenge breaks down into 2 parts: 1) devising methods to remove the non-starch carbohydrate and fat from the DDGS without destroying the feed value, and 2) finding ways to gain added value from the extracted components. For the first part we have assembled a multidisciplinary team who are experts in addressing the engineering, biological and animal nutrition components of this project. From a process engineering perspective it would actually make sense to use the separated distiller's grain, before addition of the "solubles", as our starting material. This would be difficult to obtain, so we will recover the grain component from the DDGS. Removal of the fats could be done with an organic solvent, but this might leave undesirable residues in the animal feed. As an alternative we will investigate the use of super-critical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction; a gentle, residue free method used for making decaffeinated coffee. The fibre and other carbohydrates will be removed mainly with enzymes, but we will need to find gentle physical pre-treatments (hot water or a short steam treatment) to facilitate enzyme access to the carbohydrates.In (2), we will focus on upgrading the carbohydrate and protein components. The carbohydrate could be used in a second fermentation process, if an organism was available that could convert the carbohydrates to useful products. To reduce the cost of this process we would need to find/create an organism that could use most of the carbohydrate polymers directly, rather than adding separate enzymes, so this part of the programme will focus on identifying suitable enzymes and the genes that encode them to put into established process organisms. Producing additional fuel or other chemicals by a secondary fermentation will not only improve the economics but also the GHG balance of the process. The proteins contained in wheat grain are rather specialised in their make-up, having a high frequency of certain amino acids. Availability in large volumes offers a unique opportunity to make specific chemicals, and the feasibility of exploiting this renewable chemicals approach will comprise a second strand of activity. If successful, this will also have a GHG benefit. Together with projected uses of the fatty fraction we will combine data from the whole exercise into an economic model for independent evaluation by potential users.

一些发酵过程，例如酿造，使用谷物淀粉作为碳水化合物的来源。通常，直到发酵过程结束时，谷物的残留物才能分离。在酿酒厂或旨在生产燃料酒精的过程中，液体流经过蒸馏，留下液体残留物（“薄stillage”）。在大规模操作中，将液体和谷物残留物干燥以产生“蒸馏剂干燥的谷物和溶剂”（DDGS），可用作动物饲料。在英国，至少有2个大型饮酒厂的大型小麦很快将运作。这些将将低级进料（英国通常具有盈余）转换为酒精，以用作汽车燃料，共同生产了大量的DDG，具有相当一致的成分。 IBTI的工业成员设定了为该项目所解决的DDG增值的挑战。除淀粉外，谷物谷物主要由蛋白质，纤维和其他非淀粉碳水化合物和脂肪组成。主要动物饲料值包含在蛋白质中，但是高纤维含量意味着DDGS仅对反刍动物有用。在这个项目中，我们打算将一些蛋白质，碳水化合物和脂肪分开，并使用它们来生产更高的价值产物，同时仍然保留使用蛋白质成分作为动物饲料的选项，可能是用于家禽。后者很重要，因为将DDGs用作动物饲料代替进口大豆，因此可以减少与大豆生产和进口相关的温室气（GHG）排放。因此，挑战分为两个部分：1）设计方法以从DDG中去除非淀粉碳水化合物和脂肪而不破坏进料价值，而2）找到从提取的组件中获得附加值的方法。在第一部分中，我们组建了一个多学科团队，他们是针对该项目的工程，生物和动物营养组成部分的专家。从过程工程的角度来看，在添加“ Solubles”作为我们的起始材料之前，使用分离的蒸馏器的谷物实际上是有意义的。这将很难获得，因此我们将从DDGS中恢复谷物成分。可以使用有机溶剂去除脂肪，但这可能会在动物饲料中留下不良的残留物。作为替代方案，我们将研究使用超临界二氧化碳（SCCO2）提取的使用；一种温和的无残留方法，用于制作脱咖啡因的咖啡。纤维和其他碳水化合物将主要用酶去除，但是我们需要找到温和的物理预处理（热水或短蒸汽处理），以促进酶进入碳水化合物。在（2）中，我们将重点放在升级碳水化合物和蛋白质成分上。如果有生物可以将碳水化合物转换为有用的产品，则可以在第二个发酵过程中使用碳水化合物。为了降低此过程的成本，我们需要找到/创建可以直接使用大多数碳水化合物聚合物的生物体，而不是添加单独的酶，因此该程序的这一部分将着重于识别合适的酶和将它们编码的基因编码以放入已建立的过程生物体中。通过二次发酵产生额外的燃料或其他化学物质不仅可以改善经济学，而且还可以改善该过程的温室气体平衡。小麦颗粒中包含的蛋白质具有相当专业的化妆，具有某些氨基酸的高频。大量的可用性为制造特定化学物质提供了独特的机会，利用这种可再生化学品方法的可行性将包括第二条活动。如果成功的话，这也将带来温室气体的好处。加上脂肪分数的预计用途，我们将将整个练习的数据结合到一个经济模型中，以供潜在用户进行独立评估。