Undermining effector-targeted susceptibility factors to provide late blight resistance

破坏效应子靶向的易感因子以提供晚疫病抗性

• 批准号: BB/N009967/1
• 负责人: Paul Birch
• 金额: $ 77.31万
• 依托单位: University of Dundee
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2016
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2016 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FN009967%2F1
• 关键词: Undermining; effector; targeted; susceptibility; factors

An increasing world population and impacts of climate change place ever-greater demands on the world food supply. A major constraint to global food security is crop loss due to plant pests and diseases. With the increasing stringency of conditions under which chemicals are approved for agriculture, the choice of effective fungicides and pesticides will become more limited in the near future. Furthermore, as introgressed host resistance genes are rapidly defeated by pathogens and pests in the field, there is an urgent need to explore the development of novel, durable and sustainable means to combat crop diseases.Plants face a barrage of microbial threats and defend themselves by employing two layers of inducible defence responses. The first involves recognition by cell surface receptors of essential, widely conserved molecules (called PAMPs) that are exposed by pathogens during infection. Successful (adapted) pathogens secrete and deliver proteins called effectors to suppress these defences. The second defence layer involves recognition of effectors by immune receptors, resistance proteins, to evoke effector-triggered immunity. This project focusses on the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans, the major pathogen of potato and tomato, two of the world's main food crops. Amongst the weapons P. infestans has to subjugate its hosts are RXLR effectors which are delivered inside plant cells to promote susceptibility. RXLR effectors have been shown to target and suppress positive regulators of immunity. In contrast, here we present considerable unpublished information revealing the discovery of two RXLR effectors that target host susceptibility (S) factors; proteins whose activity promotes disease. One effector interacts with isoforms of plant protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), forming holoenzymes that may dephosphorylate host proteins to activate or inactivate them. The other effector interacts with NRL, member of a family of plasma membrane-associated regulators of light signalling. NRL promotes susceptibility by suppressing immunity triggered by perception of a P. infestans PAMP. S factors present very attractive opportunities to undermine infection effectively and durably. For example, whereas a resistance protein imposes a selection pressure on a pathogen to alter or lose the cognate avirulence gene to evade detection, modification or conditional removal of an S factor imposes a far more challenging selection pressure, in that the associated host protein activity is required for infection. Critically, reducing endogenous levels of these S factors (PP1c isoforms and NRL) attenuates P. infestans infection, suggesting that combined reduction of both S factors may provide a durable strategy to combat late blight.Little is understood about how S factors promote disease. It is an emerging, exciting area of plant disease research, making our proposal timely. We will provide detailed understanding of 1) the virulence targets dephosphorylated by effector-PP1c holoenzymes, and the mechanistic consequences of dephosphorylation (objective 1); and 2) the means by which NRL suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity (objective 2). It will also reveal whether natural variants exist of these S factors that cannot be targeted by the associated effectors (objective 3C), implicating evolution of S factors to evade effector-mediated exploitation. These studies will provide novel insights into negative regulation of plant immunity. They also provide novel means with which to combat plant disease, and potato blight specifically.Industry is keen to exploit understanding of S factors as a durable means to provide disease resistance. This project, with industrial partner JR Simplot, will deliver novel approaches for pathogen-inducible removal of S factors to provide late blight resistance (objectives 3A; 3B).

越来越多的世界人口和气候变化的影响对世界粮食供应的需求不断增加。全球粮食安全的主要限制是由于植物有害生物和疾病而导致的作物损失。随着化学物质被批准用于农业的条件的严格程度越来越严格，在不久的将来，有效的杀菌剂和农药的选择将变得更加有限。此外，由于侵入式宿主抗药性基因被病原体和害虫迅速击败，因此迫切需要探索新颖，耐用和可持续的方法来打击作物疾病的发展。植物面临着微生物威胁的弹幕，并通过雇用两层可诱导的防御反应来击败自己。首先涉及通过在感染过程中病原体暴露的基本，广泛保守的分子（称为PAMP）的细胞表面受体的识别。成功（适应）病原体分泌并传递称为效应子来抑制这些防御的蛋白质。第二个防御层涉及通过免疫受体，抗性蛋白识别效应子，以引起效应子触发的免疫力。该项目的重点是已故的疫病病原体疫霉菌（Phytophthora Infestans），这是马铃薯和番茄的主要病原体，这是世界两种主要的粮食作物。在武器中，P. Infestans必须征服其宿主是RXLR效应子，它们在植物细胞内传递以促进易感性。 RXLR效应子已被证明靶向和抑制免疫的阳性调节剂。相比之下，在这里，我们提供了大量未发表的信息，揭示了针对宿主易感性因素的两个RXLR效应子的发现；活性促进疾病的蛋白质。一个效应子与植物蛋白磷酸酶1（PP1）的同工型相互作用，形成可以脱磷酸化宿主蛋白以激活或失活的全酶。另一个效应子与质膜相关的光信号调节剂NRL相互作用。 NRL通过抑制受感知的Infestans PAMP触发的免疫力来促进敏感性。 S因素带来了非常有吸引力的机会，以有效而持久地破坏感染。例如，尽管电阻蛋白对病原体施加了选择压力，以改变或失去同源气相基因，以逃避S s s s s降低检测，修饰或条件去除S造成更具挑战性的选择压力，因为相关的宿主蛋白活性是感染所需的。至关重要的是，这些S因子（PP1C同工型和NRL）减少内源水平会减轻炎的感染。这是一个新兴的，令人兴奋的植物疾病研究领域，使我们的提议及时。我们将提供对1）毒力靶标的效应-pp1c全酶去磷酸化的毒力靶标的详细理解，以及去磷酸化的机械后果（目标1）； 2）NRL抑制PAMP触发的免疫力的手段（目标2）。它还将揭示是否存在这些S因子无法靶向的这些S因子（目标3C），这意味着S因子的演变以逃避效应子介导的剥削。这些研究将为植物免疫负面调节提供新的见解。他们还提供了与植物性疾病作斗争的新颖手段，而马铃薯枯萎病也很想利用对S因素的理解作为提供抗病性的耐用手段。该项目与工业合作伙伴JR Simplot，将为病原体诱导的S因子提供新的方法提供新的方法，以提供晚期疫苗的抗性（目标3A; 3B）。

项目成果

Message in a Bubble: Shuttling Small RNAs and Proteins Between Cells and Interacting Organisms Using Extracellular Vesicles.

• DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081720-010616
• 发表时间: 2021-06-17
• 期刊: Annual review of plant biology
• 影响因子: 23.9
• 作者: Cai Q;He B;Wang S;Fletcher S;Niu D;Mitter N;Birch PRJ;Jin H
• 通讯作者: Jin H

Opening the Effector Protein Toolbox for Plant-Parasitic Cyst Nematode Interactions.

• DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.09.008
• 发表时间: 2016-11-07
• 期刊: MOLECULAR PLANT
• 影响因子: 27.5
• 作者: Eves-van den Akker, Sebastian;Birch, Paul R. J.
• 通讯作者: Birch, Paul R. J.

All Roads Lead to Susceptibility: The Many Modes of Action of Fungal and Oomycete Intracellular Effectors.

• DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100050
• 发表时间: 2020-07-13
• 期刊: Plant communications
• 影响因子: 10.5
• 作者: He Q;McLellan H;Boevink PC;Birch PRJ
• 通讯作者: Birch PRJ

Devastating intimacy: the cell biology of plant-Phytophthora interactions.

• DOI: 10.1111/nph.16650
• 发表时间: 2020-10
• 期刊: The New phytologist
• 作者: Boevink PC;Birch PRJ;Turnbull D;Whisson SC
• 通讯作者: Whisson SC

Plant pathogen effector utilizes host susceptibility factor NRL1 to degrade the immune regulator SWAP70.

• DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808585115
• 发表时间: 2018-08-14
• 期刊: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
• 影响因子: 11.1
• 作者: He Q;Naqvi S;McLellan H;Boevink PC;Champouret N;Hein I;Birch PRJ
• 通讯作者: Birch PRJ