Oat domestication - understanding the origin of a European cereal

燕麦驯化 - 了解欧洲谷物的起源

• 批准号: BB/S008195/1
• 负责人: Tim Langdon
• 金额: $ 69.87万
• 依托单位: Aberystwyth University
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2018 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FS008195%2F1
• 关键词: Oat; domestication; understanding; origin; European

Oats can claim to be the only 'European' cereal. Previous work indicated that its closest wild relatives are found around Turkey near sites where wheat and barley were first domesticated, but archaeological evidence points to first use as a crop only late in the development of agriculture and then in Central Europe, rather than in its original environment. A plausible explanation for this transfer is that a population of the wild relative (Avena sterilis), which colonises broken ground, had become adapted to life as an agricultural weed. The new weed (A. fatua) is less able to spread in the wild but is very successful at colonising tilled fields of cereals such as barley. A. fatua could have spread across Europe with those crops and then become a crop in its own right in hard times where others failed. Indeed, oats have traditionally been grown on poor ground and at the end of rotations when soil fertility is low, a possible legacy of this secondary domestication. At some stage completely non-shattering oats would have been selected for easier grain harvest and storage, and greater pressure would have been applied for full domestication (loss of awns, larger grain size and so on). A complication for this model is that oats appear to have been domesticated twice. Most cultivars now resemble 'white' oats (A. sativa), sown in the spring and most closely related to wild populations in central Turkey. However, around the Mediterranean, traditional landraces are often 'red' oats (A. byzantina), sown in autumn and most closely related to wild populations in south western Turkey. Modern breeding programmes are largely based on crosses between these two types, and the UK's unique winter oat cultivars may be particularly dependent on A. byzantina traits. We have a strong interest in understanding the origin of both red and white oats, and the role of A. fatua. This is not only driven by curiosity about the development of agriculture but also by the need to add new variation to the modern crop. Each domestication step has created genetic bottlenecks where potentially valuable germplasm has been lost. Better understanding of these bottlenecks, and of natural variation in wild populations, will help find useful variation to incorporate into breeding programmes.Genotyping-by-sequence (GbS) is a recent high throughput method to reveal genetic variation across entire genomes. It samples short sequences adjacent to specific restriction enzyme sites, and does not require prior knowledge of which variants are present. Hundreds of samples may be processed, making it ideal for diversity screens. We have panels of over 500 weedy, wild and landrace accessions already screened by GbS. Unfortunately, the oat genome is almost as large and complex as that of wheat, and no reference is yet available to associate GbS tags with neighbouring genes. Even when the first references become available (expected in 2018), they will have been derived from modern cultivars which may differ from the ancestral stocks we are studying. In this project we will bridge the gap between GbS and genome references to assess gene variation either directly or by improving the references available. In the first step we will use a newly developed sequencing approach to cut the cost of building a red oat reference. In the second we will work with a German barley expert who developed exome capture, a method that samples and sequences only targeted gene regions, and with a Canadian partner who has created an exome capture for oats, based in part on our genome data. We will use an improved design to recover comprehensive collections of gene sequences from 220 key GbS panel accessions. Finally we will obtain sequence from progenitors that will allow comparisons of gene content and order with modern cultivars, and will enhance analysis of exome and GbS data. Working with a Polish partner who has created hybrid populations, we will identify key genes underpinning domestication.

燕麦可以声称是唯一的“欧洲”谷物。先前的工作表明，其最接近的野生亲戚是在小麦和大麦首次被驯化的土耳其附近发现的，但是考古证据指出，只有在农业发展后期，然后在中欧而不是在其原始环境中才能用作农作物。关于这种转移的一个合理的解释是，殖民地的野生亲戚（Avena sterilis）的人口已成为农业杂草的生命。新的杂草（A. fatua）在野外散布的能力较低，但在将大麦等谷物的耕地定居非常成功。 A. Fatua可能会在欧洲散布这些农作物，然后在其他人失败的艰难时期成为一种农作物。确实，传统上，燕麦在土壤生育率低时就在贫穷的地面上生长，而在旋转结束时，这种次要驯化的可能遗产。在某个阶段，将选择完全不打击的燕麦，以便于更轻松的谷物收获和储存，并且将施加更大的压力以进行全面的驯化（awns的损失，较大的晶粒尺寸等）。该模型的一个并发症是燕麦似乎已经被驯化了两次。现在，大多数品种类似于“白色”燕麦（A. sativa），在春季播种，与土耳其中部野生种群最密切相关。但是，在地中海周围，传统的陆地通常是“红色”燕麦（A. Byzantina），在秋天播种，与土耳其西南部的野生种群最密切相关。现代繁殖计划主要基于这两种类型之间的十字架，英国独特的冬季燕麦品种可能特别依赖于byzantina特征。我们对理解红色和白燕麦的起源以及A. fatua的作用有浓厚的兴趣。这不仅是由于对农业发展的好奇心所驱动的，而且还需要为现代作物增加新的变化。每个驯化步骤都会产生遗传瓶颈，其中可能有价值的种质丢失了。更好地了解这些瓶颈以及野生种群的自然变异，将有助于找到有用的变异，以纳入育种程序。按时基因型（GBS）是最近揭示整个基因组遗传变异的最新高通量方法。它采样了与特定限制酶位点相邻的简短序列，并且不需要事先了解存在哪些变体。可以处理数百个样本，使其非常适合多样性屏幕。我们有超过500个杂草，野生和兰德拉斯的配件，该面板已经由GBS放映。不幸的是，燕麦基因组几乎与小麦一样大，并且尚无参考将GBS标签与相邻基因相关联。即使在第一个参考文献可用时（预期在2018年），它们也将源自现代品种，这些品种可能与我们正在研究的祖先种群不同。在这个项目中，我们将弥合GBS和基因组参考之间的差距，以直接或通过改善可用参考文献来评估基因变异。在第一步中，我们将使用新开发的测序方法来削减构建红色燕麦参考的成本。在第二个中，我们将与开发外显子捕获的德国大麦专家合作，该方法仅针对基因区域进行样本和序列，以及与加拿大合作伙伴为燕麦创建了外来捕获的加拿大伙伴，部分基于我们的基因组数据。我们将使用改进的设计从220个关键GBS配件中恢复基因序列​​的全面集合。最后，我们将从祖细胞中获得序列，以比较基因含量和顺序与现代品种，并增强外显子和GBS数据的分析。与创建混合人群的波兰合作伙伴合作，我们将确定基于驯化的关键基因。

项目成果

Characteristics of Resistance to Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae in Avena fatua.

f．对冠锈病的抗性特征

• DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-18-0528-re
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: Plant disease
• 影响因子: 4.5
• 作者: Paczos-Grzeda E

Subtelomeric assembly of a multi-gene pathway for antimicrobial defense compounds in cereals.

• DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22920-8
• 发表时间: 2021-05-07
• 期刊: Nature communications
• 影响因子: 16.6
• 作者: Li Y;Leveau A;Zhao Q;Feng Q;Lu H;Miao J;Xue Z;Martin AC;Wegel E;Wang J;Orme A;Rey MD;Karafiátová M;Vrána J;Steuernagel B;Joynson R;Owen C;Reed J;Louveau T;Stephenson MJ;Zhang L;Huang X;Huang T;Fan D;Zhou C;Tian Q;Li W;Lu Y;Chen J;Zhao Y;Lu Y;Zhu C;Liu Z;Polturak G;Casson R;Hill L;Moore G;Melton R;Hall N;Wulff BBH;Doležel J;Langdon T;Han B;Osbourn A
• 通讯作者: Osbourn A

Detached Leaf Assays for Resistance to Crown Rust Reveal Diversity Within Populations of Avena sterilis.

离体叶抗冠锈病试验揭示了不育燕麦种群的多样性。

• DOI: 10.1094/pdis-06-18-1045-re
• 发表时间: 2019
• 期刊: Plant disease
• 影响因子: 4.5
• 作者: Paczos-Grzeda E

Population genomics of Mediterranean oat (A. sativa) reveals high genetic diversity and three loci for heading date.

• DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03805-2
• 发表时间: 2021-07
• 期刊: TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik
• 作者: Canales FJ;Montilla-Bascón G;Bekele WA;Howarth CJ;Langdon T;Rispail N;Tinker NA;Prats E
• 通讯作者: Prats E

New insights into the genomic structure of the oats (Avena L., Poaceae): intragenomic polymorphism of ITS1 sequences of rare endemic species Avena bruhnsiana Gruner and its relationship to other species with C-genomes

• DOI: 10.1007/s10681-021-02956-z
• 发表时间: 2022-01-01
• 期刊: EUPHYTICA
• 影响因子: 1.9
• 作者: Gnutikov, A. A.;Nosov, N. N.;Rodionov, A., V
• 通讯作者: Rodionov, A., V