Environmental and Economic Impacts of Improved Antibiotics Stewardship in Poultry Systems

为了解决AMR，人们一致认为有必要减少食用动物生产中的抗菌剂使用量(AMU)。集约化家禽生产的特点是AMU高，并通过直接和间接(环境)传播--例如来自牲畜排泄物--对人类健康构成相关的环境风险。与其他LMIC国家一样，根据供应链不同部分的不同自愿和强制性干预措施的有效性和成本的有力证据，在设计监管结构和优先事项方面出现了新的挑战。该提案提供了五个相互关联的跨学科工作包，探讨与AMU的驱动因素、耐药途径、替代缓解措施的经济成本及其在降低AMR风险方面的有效性有关的不同要素。该项目在发展所有行业行为者(如饲养者、饲料、制药、兽医、农民、零售商)的抗微生物管理方面采用了新的观点。我们还使用一个理论框架(边际减排成本曲线)来表示缓解措施的相对成本效益。更多的项目内容将在国家间分享研究和培训方法以及科学政策翻译方面的经验。活动：WP1供应链/价值链特征：从供应链关系的角度定义管理，从经济角度对价值链进行建模，开发农场规模的经济模型以测试干预措施的成本。确定减少AMU的不同缓解措施，模拟采用替代AMU做法的倾向。WP2 AMR在目标农场/系统中的流行：在选定的农场群体中，利用细菌学和元基因组学方法，评估AMR与不同生产绩效之间的后果和关系，以确定/确认AMR在农场和供应链中的热点流行和途径，考虑资源消耗和残留物产生，目的是就其环境影响(温室气体排放、土壤和水中的污染风险，以及潜在后果)对每个群体进行建模和描述。WP3确定减少AMU干预措施的特点：评估WP1中确定的替代缓解措施的有效性。WP4成本效益分析和情景：制定边际减排成本曲线，显示针对AMU的替代干预措施的相对成本效益。WP5行业政策、方案和整合的决策支持：针对家禽行业利益相关者的AM管理计划开发行业支持工具和供应链指导，以促进CE措施的采用。评估针对AMU的潜在监管干预措施。该项目寻求在所有供应链参与者中了解并共同设计具有成本效益的干预措施，这些干预措施对AM的管理具有作用，并可能直接或间接影响农场行为。有必要了解如何结合不同参与者的行动来减少AM在生产中的使用。该项目将开发经济和行为方法，作为向阿根廷实地研究提供信息的基础，这些研究试图了解AMU的驱动因素。它将测试各种应对措施(行为干预措施)，并评估影响的途径；即这些干预措施和减少使用实际上可能如何减少AMR，以及此类情景可能带来的更广泛的经济代价和好处。该项目的大部分内容将包括通过在两国举行一系列研究、政策会议和联合活动，提高科学家、行业、监管机构和其他政策制定者对经济学作用的认识。它还将制定一个一致的框架，说明改变农业中使用抗菌剂的措施的成本和效益。这反过来将为制定在家禽生产中管理抗菌剂使用的LMIC战略提供经验教训。

To address AMR, there is consensus on the need to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU) in food animal production. Intensive poultry production is characterised by high AMU and associated environmental risks to human health through direct and indirect (environmental) transmission - e.g. from livestock waste. As in other LMIC countries there are emerging challenges in designing regulatory structures and priorities based on robust evidence of effectiveness and cost of different voluntary and mandatory interventions across different parts of the supply chain. This proposal offers five linked interdisciplinary work packages exploring different elements related to drivers of AMU, pathways to resistance, and economic costs of alternative mitigation measures and their effectiveness in terms of reducing AMR risks. The project adopts novel perspectives in terms of the development of antimicrobial stewardship across all industry actors (e.g. breeders, feeding, pharmaceutical, veterinarians, farmers, retailers). We also use a theoretical framework (a marginal abatement cost curve) to represent relative cost-effectiveness of mitigation measures. Further project elements will share experience on research and training methods and science-policy translation between countries. Activities: WP1 Supply/value chain characterisation: To define stewardship in terms of supply chain relationships and to model value chains in economic terms, development of farm scale economic models to test costs of interventions. Identification of different mitigation measures to reduce AMU, modelling propensity to adopt alternative AMU practices. WP2 AMR prevalence of AMR in target farms/systems: In selected groups of farms to identify /confirm AMR hotspots prevalence and pathways in farms & supply chains using bacteriological and metagenomic approaches to evaluate the consequences and relationship between AMR and different productive performances, considering resource consumption and residue generation, with the aim to model and characterise each group regarding its environmental impact (GHG emissions, pollution risk to in soil and water, and potential consequences). WP3 Characterising AMU reduction interventions: Evaluating the effectiveness of alternative mitigation measures identified in WP1. WP4 Cost-benefit analysis and scenarios: Development of a marginal abatement cost curve showing relative cost-effectiveness of alternative interventions targeting AMU. WP5 Decision support for industry policy, scenarios & integration: Developing industry support tool and supply chain guidance on AM stewardship plan across poultry industry stakeholders for promotion of adoption of CE measures. Evaluating potential regulatory interventions targeting AMU. The project seeks to understand and co-design cost-effective interventions across all supply chain actors that have a role on the stewardship of AMs, and can potentially influence on-farm behaviours, directly or indirectly. There is a need to understand how the action of the different actors might be combined to reduce AM use in production. The project will develop economic and behavioural methodologies as a basis for informing Argentinian field studies that seek to understand AMU drivers. It will test various responses (behavioural interventions), and evaluate the pathways to impacts; i.e. how these interventions and reduced use might actually reduce AMR, and what the broader economic costs and benefits of such scenarios might be. Much of the project will involve raising awareness of the role of economics among scientists, industry, regulators, and other policy makers, with a series of research, and policy meetings and joint events in both countries. It will also develop a consistent framework for representing the costs and benefits of measures to modify antimicrobial use in agriculture. This in turn will offer lessons for the development of LMIC strategies for managing antimicrobial use in poultry production.