Bacteria: Advancement of Control and Knowledge to Save Threatened Oak and Protect them for Future Generations

细菌：控制和知识的进步以拯救受威胁的橡树并为子孙后代保护它们

• 批准号: BB/T010886/1
• 负责人: Sandra Denman
• 金额: $ 258.94万
• 依托单位: Forest Research
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FT010886%2F1
• 关键词: Bacteria; Advancement; Control; Knowledge; Save

Oak trees are iconic in Britain and important to our natural world and economy. Unfortunately, they are under threat from an emerging disease Acute Oak Decline (AOD). Affected trees have weeping stem patches caused by bacteria rotting inner tissues that carry food and water vital for tree life, and larval feeding galleries the oak jewel beetle (Agrilus biguttatus). Disease disrupts the flow of food and water in the tree often leading to its death. Solutions to manage and protect trees are vital to ensure the future of British oak. The role the beetle plays in AOD remains unanswered, but it is thought to be involved in disease process and transmission. If so, at what stage of its lifecycle? How does the beetle find suitable trees to feed and lay eggs on? Do the rot-causing bacteria attract the beetles? We will test these questions using controlled experiments. Trees produce various odours, and plant-feeding beetles such as A. biguttatus use their sense of smell to find suitable trees and mates for feeding and reproduction. By capturing gases given off by the tree, presenting them to beetles and monitoring their response we can find out which ones attract beetles. This interaction can be exploited to protect trees by using attractive odours to pull beetles into traps. Agrilus species can only colonise weakened trees and previous research shows that specific environmental stresses make oak more susceptible to AOD. Main stresses are drought and imbalanced soil nutrition, specifically nitrogen and phosphorous deficiencies. These effects on tree metabolism and function as well as on natural soil and tree microflora will be tested under controlled conditions. This will provide important information about possible microbial additives that could accompany soil nutrition amendments to hasten tree recovery. Until these questions are answered, control of the beetle cannot be implemented and soil amendments and suitable management practices to make trees more robust to attack cannot be introduced.Research will provide a better understanding of who has an interest and stake in oak health. The values, attitudes and actions of people, professionals and policy makers will be examined to help understand reactions and responses to control of the disease and how to work together to develop and implement appropriate management and control. We will collaborate with stakeholders and scientists, build on existing experience, identify values, attitudes and actions and explore knowledge and awareness associated with oaks in urban and rural environments that will be used to promote and facilitate engagement in collective action to protect oak trees.Finally, we will address the question of whether the bacteria present in AOD bleeds on oak are also found in disease symptoms on other broadleaf trees, and if so, are there similarities to AOD that would help understand the infection and rotting processes in AOD. Furthermore, as bacterial tree diseases are generally under-regarded and there is a lack of information available concerning them, the risks to tree host species are unknown as are the implications for control of bacterial spread. Records from Forest Research's Tree Health Diagnostic and Advisory Service (THDAS) show that in the past 5 years over 550 cases of stem bleeding have been reported, 40% of these were on oak but approximately 10% had undiagnosed disease cause. Through laboratory microbial culturing processes from a range of broadleaved trees with stem bleeding symptoms we will isolate, identify and test bacteria for their disease-causing ability. Information about bacteria on these trees would be helpful to manage AOD and also to assess the risks of bacteria to other important native forest tree species that might be susceptible to AOD and other bacterial species. This interdisciplinary project will provide new evidence that can feed into a better understanding of appropriate and acceptable management practices for oak health and resilience.

橡树在英国是标志性的，对我们的自然世界和经济很重要。不幸的是，它们正受到一种新出现的疾病急性橡树衰退（AOD）的威胁。受影响的树木有由细菌腐烂的内部组织引起的茎部斑块，这些组织携带着对树木生命至关重要的食物和水，幼虫喂养着橡树宝石甲虫（Agrilus biguttatus）。疾病扰乱了树木中的食物和水的流动，往往导致它的死亡。管理和保护树木的解决方案对于确保英国橡树的未来至关重要。甲虫在AOD中所扮演的角色仍然没有答案，但它被认为参与了疾病的过程和传播。如果是，在其生命周期的哪个阶段？金龟子如何找到合适的树来觅食和产卵？引起腐烂的细菌会吸引甲虫吗？我们将通过控制实验来测试这些问题。树木产生各种气味，而以植物为食的甲虫，如A。biguttatus利用嗅觉寻找合适的树木和配偶进行觅食和繁殖。通过捕获树木释放的气体，将它们呈现给甲虫并监测它们的反应，我们可以发现哪些气体吸引甲虫。这种相互作用可以利用吸引人的气味将甲虫拉进陷阱来保护树木。Agrilus物种只能在虚弱的树木上定居，以前的研究表明，特定的环境压力使橡树更容易受到AOD的影响。主要的压力是干旱和土壤营养不平衡，特别是氮和磷的缺乏。将在受控条件下测试这些对树木新陈代谢和功能以及对天然土壤和树木微生物区系的影响。这将提供有关可能的微生物添加剂，可以伴随土壤营养的修正，以加快树木恢复的重要信息。在这些问题得到解答之前，无法实施对甲虫的控制，也无法引入土壤改良剂和适当的管理措施，使树木更能抵御攻击。研究将更好地了解谁对橡树的健康感兴趣。将对人们、专业人员和决策者的价值观、态度和行动进行审查，以帮助了解对疾病控制的反应和反应，以及如何共同努力制定和实施适当的管理和控制。我们将与利益相关者和科学家合作，在现有经验的基础上，确定价值观，态度和行动，并探索与城市和农村环境中的橡树相关的知识和意识，这些知识和意识将用于促进和促进参与集体行动，以保护橡树。我们将讨论橡树上的AOD出血中存在的细菌是否也在其他阔叶树上的疾病症状中发现，如果是这样，是否与AOD有相似之处，以帮助理解AOD中的感染和腐烂过程。此外，由于细菌性树木疾病普遍受到忽视，而且缺乏关于这些疾病的信息，因此对树木宿主物种的风险以及对控制细菌传播的影响都是未知的。森林研究中心的树木健康诊断和咨询服务中心（THDAS）的记录显示，在过去的5年里，已经报告了550多例茎出血病例，其中40%发生在橡树上，但大约10%的病因尚未确诊。通过实验室微生物培养过程，从一系列具有茎出血症状的阔叶树中分离、鉴定和测试细菌的致病能力。有关这些树木上的细菌的信息将有助于管理AOD，并评估细菌对其他可能易受AOD和其他细菌物种影响的重要原生森林树种的风险。这个跨学科的项目将提供新的证据，可以更好地理解橡树健康和恢复力的适当和可接受的管理实践。

项目成果

Chemical cues from beetle larvae trigger proliferation and virulence of a plant pathogen

甲虫幼虫的化学信号触发植物病原体的增殖和毒力

• DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.21.568124
• 发表时间: 2023
• 作者: Cambon M

Bergeys Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria

伯吉斯古菌和细菌系统学手册

• 发表时间: 2021
• 作者: Brady, C.L.

Spectral binning as an approach to post-acquisition processing of high resolution FIE-MS metabolome fingerprinting data.

• DOI: 10.1007/s11306-022-01923-6
• 发表时间: 2022-08-02
• 期刊: Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society

The role of passive surveillance and citizen science in plant health.

• DOI: 10.1186/s43170-020-00016-5
• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: CABI agriculture and bioscience
• 作者: Brown N;Pérez-Sierra A;Crow P;Parnell S
• 通讯作者: Parnell S

Forest Microbiology

森林微生物学

• DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85042-1.00020-3
• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Denman S