How do a conserved family of RNA binding proteins protect the transcriptome from aberrant processing?

研究目的：基因表达需要通过RNA加工正确地产生成熟的编码蛋白质的RNA(MRNAs)。这包括剪接，即连接被称为“外显子”的基因部分，并移除其他被称为“内含子”的基因。RNA的加工由短的RNA序列指导。这个项目试图确定RBMXL2和RBMX蛋白如何抑制“隐蔽的”RNA处理序列的使用，否则会破坏生产性基因的表达。该项目解决了目前的三个知识差距。首先，目前对mRNA成熟过程中有效识别外显子的长度知之甚少，但对关键基因的表达至关重要，包括小鼠Meioc(减数分裂前期所需)和人类BRCA2(基因组稳定所需的肿瘤抑制因子)。特别是，神秘的RNA加工事件是如何在长外显子中被抑制的，人们知之甚少，但可能会导致与RBMX家族蛋白缺乏相关的问题(男性不育症、基因组不稳定和沙氏智力残疾综合征)。第三，RBMX蛋白是如何抑制剪接位点的尚不清楚。由于抑制的RNA加工位点是我们在初步筛选中确定的大多数目标，这表明抑制是RBMXL2和RBMX蛋白的主要作用机制。TIMELINESS和性价比：这个项目是及时的，因为(1)我们已经制造并进行了RBMXL2基因敲除小鼠的初步鉴定。这只小鼠是雄性不育的，已经使我们能够识别出一些被RBMXL2抑制的神秘剪接位点。(2)通过与爱丁堡的两个世界领先的研究小组(Ian Adams教授和Donal O‘Carroll教授)的合作，我们将能够提纯在我们的RBMXL2基因敲除小鼠中滞留的确切细胞类型，并将其用于RNA测序分析。(3)提供物有所值，O‘Carroll小组将为我们提供一种在减数分裂期间表达绿色荧光蛋白的鼠系，除运输外，不收取任何费用。这一品系将使RBMXL2基因敲除小鼠减数分裂过程中的细胞得到~99%的纯化，然后我们可以对其进行鉴定。(4)为了提供额外的经济效益，这个项目将使用最近通过病理学会的拨款和纽卡斯尔大学的配套资金购买的毛细管凝胶电泳系统。(5)我们已经确定了在体细胞中被RBMX抑制的新的隐蔽RNA加工位点，并进行了实验以全局确定人类细胞中的RBMX结合位点(目前在我们的基因组学核心设施的测序队列中)。结果：我们预计该项目的结果将对理解剪接和多聚腺苷酸化机制如何使长外显子的RNA处理正确，并避免包括隐蔽外显子具有重要意义。我们希望确定在男性减数分裂过程中依赖于RBMXL2的基因表达模式，从而提高对男性不育原因的理解。由于我们的初步研究已经在癌细胞中发现了RBMX靶基因，这些基因对细胞如何对遗传毒性药物做出反应很重要，因此我们的研究可能会带来提高化疗疗效的新策略。这项工作的主要受益者将是将接受培训的科学家和学生，其他对基因表达感兴趣的科学家，我们将参与的公众成员，以及可能在较长期内接受基因毒性药物治疗的患者。

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH: Gene expression requires correct production of mature protein-coding RNAs (mRNAs) by RNA processing. This includes splicing, which joins parts of the gene called "exons" and removes others called "introns". RNA processing is guided by short RNA sequences. This project seeks identify the mechanism how RBMXL2 and RBMX proteins suppress use of "cryptic" RNA processing sequences that would otherwise corrupt productive gene expression. This project addresses three current knowledge gaps. Firstly, how long exons are efficiently recognised during mRNA maturation is currently poorly understood, yet critically important for expression of key genes, including mouse Meioc (required for meiotic prophase) and human BRCA2 (a tumour suppressor needed for genome stability). In particular, how cryptic RNA processing events are repressed within long exons is very poorly understood, yet may underpin problems associated with deficiency of RBMX family proteins (male infertility, genome instability and Shashi intellectual disability syndrome). Thirdly, how RBMX proteins repress splice sites is unknown. Since repressed RNA processing sites were the majority of targets we identified in our preliminary screens, this suggests that repression is the primary mechanism of action of RBMXL2 and RBMX proteins.TIMELINESS AND VALUE FOR MONEY: This project is timely since (1) We have already made and carried out initial characterisation of an RBMXL2 knockout mouse. This mouse is male infertile and has already enabled us to identify some cryptic splice sites repressed by RBMXL2. (2) Through collaboration with two world leading groups based in Edinburgh (Prof Ian Adams and Prof Donal O'Carroll) we will be able to purify the exact cell types that arrest in our RBMXL2 knockout mouse and use these for RNA sequencing analyses. (3) Providing value for money, the O'Carroll group will provide us with a mouse line that expresses GFP during meiosis at no charge other than shipping. This line will enable ~99% purification of cells in meiosis from RBMXL2 knockout mice that we can then characterise. (4) Providing extra value for money, this project will make use of a capillary gel electrophoresis system that was recently purchased by a grant from the Pathological Society and matching funds from Newcastle University. (5) We have already identified novel cryptic RNA processing sites that are repressed by RBMX in somatic cells and carried out experiments to globally identify RBMX binding sites in human cells (currently in the sequencing queue of our Genomics Core Facility). OUTCOMES: We expect that the results of this project will be significant in understanding how the splicing and polyadenylation machineries enable proper RNA processing of long exons, and avoid including cryptic exons. We expect to identify patterns of gene expression that depend on RBMXL2 during male meiosis, improving understanding of the causes of male infertility. Since our preliminary study has already detected RBMX target genes in cancer cells that are important for how cells respond to genotoxic drugs, our research may lead to new strategies to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy. The main beneficiaries from this work will be scientists and students who will be trained, other scientists interested in gene expression, members of the public that we will engage, and possibly in the longer term patients who are treated with genotoxic drugs.