Understanding the role of phosphorylation in RNA polymerase II transcription

细胞必须将DNA中编码的信息转化为蛋白质编码信使mRNA，这是通过一种称为RNA聚合酶II（Pol II）的酶的作用实现的。这个过程称为转录。Pol II转录的调节对细胞功能至关重要。虽然已经有很多努力致力于了解转录是如何启动的，但对转录延伸和终止的调控机制知之甚少。这代表了我们对生物学的理解中的根本差距，阻止了人类疾病的治疗方法的有效开发，其中未能调节Pol II延伸的速度和及时终止导致由于个体基因的异常表达而导致的发病机制。我们最近发现蛋白磷酸酶从修饰的蛋白质中去除磷酸基团，在调节Pol II延伸速度和促进Pol II转录终止中起核心作用。该项目旨在通过确定磷酸酶本身缺乏特异性如何靶向并激活转录因子和Pol II的去磷酸化来发现控制Pol II转录中磷酸酶的调节和功能的基本机制。这项工作产生的机制见解将揭示控制基因调控的普遍原则，指导未来治疗方法的开发，提高靶向特异性，并告知转录失调如何导致疾病和衰老。

Cells must convert information encoded in DNA into protein-coding messenger mRNA, which is achieved through the action of an enzyme called RNA polymerase II (Pol II). This process is called transcription. Regulation of Pol II transcription is central to cellular function. While a lot of efforts have been dedicated to understanding how transcription is initiated, mechanisms involved in regulating of transcription elongation and termination are poorly understood. This represents a fundamental gap in our understanding of biology, preventing efficient development of therapeutic approaches for human diseases where failure to regulate speed of Pol II elongation and timely termination results in pathogenesis due to abnormal expression of individual genes. We have recently discovered that protein phosphatases enzymes that remove phosphate group from modified proteins, play a central role in regulating Pol II elongation speed and promoting termination of Pol II transcription. This project aims to discover fundamental mechanisms that control regulation and function of the phosphatases in Pol II transcription by determining how phosphatases that on their own lack specificity are targeted to and activated for dephosphorylation of the transcription factors and Pol II. The mechanistic insights generated by this work will uncover universal principles that control gene regulation, guide development of future therapeutic approaches with improved specificity of targeting and inform on how dysregulated transcription could lead to disease and aging.