GENE REGULATION IN EMBRYOGENESIS

建议对几个基因的早期定位进行调控研究。 从海胆的生产看其在胚胎发育中的作用 在早期发育过程中RNA的峰值，以及基于 它们的RNA的后期积累。其中两个基因产生 早期和晚期不同的RNA形式：一个基因在 多态形式，在早期阶段产生单一的聚(A)mRNA和 晚期有两种不同大小的Poly(A)-mRNA。另一个 在单个早期多聚(A)和晚期多聚(A)-mRNAs之间切换。 动画剂倾向于增加和延长早期的合成 使mRNAs发挥功能，延缓晚期功能基因的合成。 素食剂倾向于促进晚期功能基因的合成。两个mRNA 满足早期功能标准的物种也被诱导出来 通过对晚期胚胎进行动物化处理来合成 硫酸锌试剂。其中一种诱导的mRNAs是Poly(A)形式的 如上所述的一组多态的mRNA。感应式颠倒了 正常发育程序的变化。要了解这些机制， 这些发展变化是通过它来实现的，它们 与胚胎发生的决定性事件的关系，我们将分析 这些不同基因的结构，特别是将起源分配给 多态的mRNAs，并研究其转录、加工和稳定性 各种RNA，以及它们作为模板的属性 翻译，解释不同大小的功能意义 和多聚腺苷酸化状态。将利用诱导现象 作为实验控制基因活性的一种方式。目前，有两个 已知不同种类的信使核糖核酸在普罗特斯植物的外胚层组织中含量丰富。 中胚层-内胚层组织中有1种。我们将研究 核RNA的发育增强与似乎 参与确定这些mRNAs的组织特异性。班次 所有这些与失衡相关的mRNAs的浓度 在三种细菌组织的发育过程中，在动物和 植物化胚胎，可能是理解促进 差异基因活性导致的细胞分化。这些过程 可能是决定正常细胞与异常细胞进程的关键因素 差异化。

Studies are proposed on the regulation of several genes with posited early functions in the embryogenesis of the sea urchin, based on their production of peak amounts of RNA in early development, and late functions based on the late stage accumulation of their RNAs. Two of these genes produce different RNA forms in early and late stages: One gene switches between polymorphic forms, producing a single poly(A)+ mRNA in the early stages and two different sizes of poly(A)- mRNA in the late stages. The other switches between single early poly(A)+ and late poly(A)- mRNAs. Animalizing agents tend to increase and prolong the syntheses of early function mRNAs and delay the onset of late function mRNA synthesis. Vegetalizing agents tend to enhance late function mRNA synthesis. Two mRNA species fulfilling the criterion of early stage function are also induced to be synthesized by treatment of late stage embryos with the animalizing agent zinc sulfate. One of these induced mRNAs is the poly(A)+ form of the set of polymorphic mRNAs, described above. The induction reverses the normal developmental program of changes. To understand the mechanisms through which these developmental changes are effected and their relationship to the determinative events of embryogenesis, we shall analyze the structures of these various genes, especially to assign origins to the polymorphic mRNAs, and to study the transcription, processing and stability of the various RNAs, as well as their properties as templates for translation, to explain the functional significance of the different sizes and states of polyadenylation. The induction phenomenon will be utilized as a way of experimentally controlling gene activity. At present, two species of mRNA are known to be enriched in ectoderm tissue of the pluteus and one species in the mesoderm-endoderm tissue. We shall study the developmental enhancement of nuclear RNA compared to mRNA that appears to be involved in establishing the tissue specificity of these mRNAs. Shifts in the concentrations of all of these mRNAs in association with imbalances in the development of the three germ tissues, studied in animalized and vegetalized embryos, may be a basis for understanding the promotion of cellular differentiation by differential gene activity. These processes may pivotally decide the course of normal vs. abnormal cellular differentiation.