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Climate change and the greening of masonry: implications for built heritage and new build

气候变化和砖石绿化：对建筑遗产和新建建筑的影响

基本信息

批准号：
EP/G01051X/1
负责人：
Bernard Smith
金额：
$ 51.45万
依托单位：
Queen's University Belfast
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2009
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2009 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FG01051X%2F1
关键词：
Climate change greening masonry implications

项目摘要

SUMMARYThere is increasingly compelling evidence that stone decay environments vary significantly across the British Isles, and that these climatic and pollution regimes are themselves changing as, for example, climate itself changes, sulphur emissions are reduced and local levels of atmospheric NOX rise. Because of this there is an urgent need to review the changing nature of decay processes, investigate the new, and developing, environmental conditions that are driving these changes and to scope their impacts on the future decay of masonry materials and any required modifications to specification and remediation strategies. Nowhere is this need more apparent than in the northwest of the UK. The fact that building stones, especially sandstones, already react so adversely and so rapidly to the moist, often salt rich environments found in this region (Smith et al. 2002), must inevitably raise fears of what could happen as a consequence of any increase in their time of wetness associated with projected warmer, wetter and possibly longer winters. In short, in response to changing climate and pollution it is likely that we will have to radically rethink our understanding of masonry decay and conservation.Quartz sandstones have been chosen to investigate these issues because they have proven to be susceptible to, and highly sensitive indicators of, subtle changes in moisture and temperature regimes, as well as pollution conditions. They also provide acid, open-textured conditions that favour algal colonisation. If stonework were to remain wetter for longer and not dry out either as frequently or as thoroughly as before, there are a number of physical and chemical effects that could be hypothesised. These include: the deeper penetration of salts (especially those of high mobility) and increased biological colonisation leading to active biological decay, both chemical and physical, as well as unsightly soiling of buildings that is expensive to remedy.This project will therefore build on earlier research into sandstone decay processes to investigate the likely impacts of predicted climate change on future decay. To do this, it will concentrate on the effects of changes in moisture regime on quartz sandstones. This will combine laboratory simulations with environmental monitoring and the assessment of decay patterns related to conditions of exposure on selected sandstone buildings, linked to sampling and analysis of complete stone blocks. Central to this is the construction of test walls in a wet environment in the west of Northern Ireland with embedded sensor systems to monitor thermal and moisture regimes linked to biological colonisation. This will be validated against laboratory investigations of the colonisation process and the feedbacks that could affect stone decay, together with investigations of ion diffusion associated with prolonged 'deep wetness' of masonry. Because of the detailed knowledge already possessed by the partnership, and the access to buildings undergoing renovation provided by the industrial collaborator, environmental monitoring and sampling will concentrate across Northern Ireland, supported by limited selective sampling of sandstone structures in Scotland and northwest England.Underpinning all investigations into stone per se, is the statistical downscaling of national and regional climate change scenarios, linked to measurements of stone condition and the factors controlling it. This novel approach is essential at a much wider scale if such scenarios are to be successfully translated into meaningful strategies for adaptation to environmental change.

越来越多的令人信服的证据表明，不列颠群岛上的石头腐烂环境差异很大，而且这些气候和污染制度本身也在发生变化，例如，气候本身发生变化，硫排放减少，当地大气中氮氧化物水平上升。正因为如此，我们迫切需要审查衰变过程的变化性质，调查推动这些变化的新的和发展中的环境条件，并确定它们对砌体材料未来衰变的影响，以及对规范和补救策略的任何必要修改。这种需求在英国西北部表现得最为明显。事实上，建筑石材，尤其是砂岩，已经对该地区潮湿、通常富含盐分的环境产生了如此不利和如此迅速的反应（Smith et al. 2002），这必然会引起人们的担忧，即随着预计的更温暖、更潮湿、可能更长的冬季，它们的湿润时间增加，可能会发生什么。简而言之，为了应对不断变化的气候和污染，我们很可能不得不从根本上重新思考我们对砖石建筑腐朽和保护的理解。之所以选择石英砂岩来研究这些问题，是因为石英砂岩已被证明容易受到湿度和温度以及污染条件的细微变化的影响，并且对这些变化的指标非常敏感。它们还提供了有利于藻类定居的酸性、开放式环境。如果石制品在更长时间内保持湿润，而不像以前那样频繁或彻底地干燥，那么可以假设有许多物理和化学效应。这些问题包括：盐的深度渗透（尤其是那些高流动性的盐），生物定植的增加导致生物在化学和物理上的活跃腐烂，以及建筑物的不美观污染，这些污染的修复成本很高。因此，该项目将建立在早期对砂岩衰变过程的研究基础上，以调查预测的气候变化对未来衰变的可能影响。为了做到这一点，它将集中研究石英砂岩中水分状况变化的影响。这将把实验室模拟与环境监测和与选定的砂岩建筑物的暴露条件有关的衰变模式评估结合起来，并与完整石块的抽样和分析相联系。这项研究的核心是在北爱尔兰西部潮湿的环境中建造测试墙，其中嵌入了传感器系统，以监测与生物定植有关的温度和湿度状况。这将通过对定植过程的实验室调查和可能影响石头腐烂的反馈，以及与砌体长期“深湿”相关的离子扩散的调查来验证。由于合作伙伴已经掌握了详细的知识，并且工业合作伙伴提供了进入正在翻新的建筑物的通道，环境监测和采样将集中在北爱尔兰，并辅以苏格兰和英格兰西北部砂岩结构的有限选择性采样。支持所有对石头本身的调查，是国家和区域气候变化情景的统计缩减，与石头状况的测量和控制因素有关。如果要将这些情景成功地转化为适应环境变化的有意义的战略，这种新颖的方法在更广泛的范围内是必不可少的。