MATERNAL IODINE DEFICIENCY--LACTATION AND INFANT GROWTH

碘是一种必需的微量元素，主要是由于 甲状腺在激素生成过程中对这种物质的需求。 包括克汀病在内的碘缺乏病(IDD) 发育迟缓、身体发育受损和地方性甲状腺肿影响数以百计的 全世界数以百万计的人，无论是在发展中国家还是发达国家。 由于以下原因，孕妇和哺乳期妇女的碘缺乏症加剧 胎儿形成碘池所需的碘增加， 增加母亲的肾脏清除量和乳房对碘的吸收 和牛奶中的排泄物。在胎儿和婴儿中，对碘的需求 尤其重要，因为它加速了甲状腺的周转 由于碘参与了广泛的发育过程 包括智力发育，骨骼生长和融合，以及肺 成熟。碘缺乏对乳腺发生和发育的影响 包括质量和乳房组织在内的产乳量超过 甲状腺。乳房是否受到局部感染的问题 碘也从未被处理过；在甲状腺中，碘水平控制 碘和氨基酸的摄取。因为母乳是唯一的来源 对于纯母乳喂养的婴儿来说，这些问题是 具有临床意义。碘化油注射是一种应用广泛的 治疗剂适用于各地区的大部分人群 地方性甲状腺肿。这剂碘在#年妇女中的命运 生殖大小是未知的；因此，发育中的胎儿如何 否则哺乳新生儿受到影响必须养育。因此，我们建议 用低碘饲料诱导断奶雌性大鼠缺碘 AIN-76C，对照组，AIN-76C(相比之下，营养全面的饮食 与以前在此类研究中使用的那些相比)。我们要检查一下血清甲状腺 乳腺和乳腺组织中碘和甲状腺激素的含量 腺体的生长和分化；以及两者生长的一般参数 母羊及其后代；并评估牛奶产量、质量和荷尔蒙 内容。乳腺外植体和分离的乳腺上皮细胞将 用于检查乳房碘摄取的调节及其影响 碘浓度对氨基酸摄取的影响。我们会进一步研究 母体注射碘油对母儿和新生儿的影响 注药前、注药中期和注药后大鼠甲状腺功能和组织发育的研究 妊娠晚期，并进行交叉培养实验以区分 对婴儿产生较长期(新生儿)影响的即时(胎儿)影响。

Iodine is an essential trace element, mainly due to the absolute requirement of the thyroid gland for this substance in hormonogenesis. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) which include cretinism mental retardation, impaired physical growth and endemic goiter affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide, in both developing and developed countries. Iodine deficiency is exacerbated in pregnant and lactating women, due to increased iodine requirements for formation of the fetal iodine pool, increased maternal renal clearance, and iodine sequestration by the breast and excretion in milk. In the fetus and infant, the requirement for iodine is especially critical because of its accelerated turnover in the thyroid gland, and since iodine mediates a wide range of developmental processes including mental development, skeletal growth and fusion, and lung maturation. The effects of iodine deficiency upon mammogenesis and lactogenesis including quality and breast tissue exceeds that of the thyroid gland. The question of whether the breast is affected locally by iodine also has never been addressed; in the thyroid, iodine levels control both iodine and amino acid uptake. Since mother's milk is the sole source of available iodine for the exclusively breast-fed infant, these issues are of clinical significance. Iodized oil injection is a widely-used therapeutic agent administered to large segments of populations in regions of endemic goiter. The fate of this bolus of iodine in women of reproductive ge is unknown; hence, the question of how the developing fetus or suckling neonate is affected must be raised. We therefore propose to induce iodine deficiency in weanling female rats, feeding them Low Iodine AIN-76C, and Controls, AIN-76C (nutritionally complete diets, in contrast to those previously used in such studies). We will examine serum thyroid gland and breast tissue for iodine and thyroid hormone content; mammary gland growth and differentiation; and general parameters of growth in both dams and their offspring; and assess milk production, quality, and hormonal content. Mammary gland explants and isolated mammary epithelia will be used to examine regulation of iodine uptake in the breast, and the effects of iodine concentration on amino acid uptake. We will further examine the effects of maternal iodized oil injection on maternal, fetal, and neonatal thyroid function and tissue development in dams injected at pre-, mid- or late gestation, and perform cross-fostering experiments to distinguish immediate (fetal) from longer-term (neonatal) effects upon the infant.