THE NEW EPIDEMIOLOGY: ROBERT KOCH AND CHOLERA

1880年后医学细菌学的进展是 速度非常快，它最显著的成就是 多种重症和重型肺炎病原菌的鉴定 社会破坏性传染病。新知识 是潜在的有用的知识和应用 细菌学的理解和技术几乎开始了 立刻。一个重要的应用领域是研究 疾病在受折磨的人群中的传播。 这是流行病学的传统领域。经常 在一个人身上，流行病学家和细菌学家 试图从不同的角度探讨 疾病，在清楚地认识到 源远流长的公共卫生的严密科学基础 担忧。 这一提议的重点是对相互作用的历史研究 流行病学和细菌学之间的关系 基本上都是新科学，大约在1850-1900年间。这项工作是 以这个时代最重要的外来流行病为主题， 亚洲霍乱。罗伯特·科赫和他在柏林的同事们 在细菌学调查中起主导作用，尤其是霍乱 在1883年到1894年之间。然而，马克斯·冯·佩滕科夫已经， 在慕尼黑工作，为主要的 环保主义者对这种疾病的看法，强调空气、水和 最重要的是，土壤。多年来，一场激烈的反击仍在继续 在看似不可调和的生物学和 环保主义者对霍乱的解读，具有相对 只有在可怕的汉堡疫情下才会有明确的决定 1892/1893年。这项研究将展示实验室科学是如何 引入实地考察并展示其性质 因此而提出和实施的卫生措施 问询。核心问题包括及早和 自信的诊断，健康携带者的概念， 重组公共机构和行政权力，以 适应新的技术程序和创建 民心相助的企业。这项研究构成了 申请者准备现代史的目标 流行病学，重点放在 1840年和1910年。

The progress of medical bacteriology after 1880 was extraordinarily rapid, its most conspicuous accomplishment being the identification of the microbial agents of numerous severe and socially disruptive communicable diseases. The new knowledge was potentially useful knowledge and application of bacteriological understanding and techniques began almost immediately. An important field of application was the study of the movement of disease through an afflicted human population. This was the traditional territory of epidemiology. Often combined in a single person, the epidemiologist-bacteriologist attempted to exploit diverse aspects of the germ theory of disease, having recognized clearly the unique promise of a rigorous scientific foundation for long-standing public-health concerns. The focus of this proposal is historical study of the interaction between epidemiology and bacteriology in the years when both were essentially new sciences, ca. 1850-1900. The work is structured about the foremost exotic epidemic disease of the era, Asiatic cholera. Robert Koch and his associates in Berlin took the lead in bacteriological inquiries, attending to cholera especially between 1883 and 1894. Already, however, Max von Pettenkofer, working in Munich, had laid firm foundations for a predominantly environmentalist view of the disease, stressing air, water and, above all, soil. Over many years a fierce revalry continued between the seemingly irreconcilable biological and environmentalist interpretations of cholera, with a relatively clear decision coming only with the dreadful Hamburg epidemic of 1892/1893. This study will show how laboratory science was introduced into field investigation and exhibit the nature of the hygienic measures proposed and imposed as a result of these inquiries. Central issues include the importance of early and confident diagnosis, the notion of the healthy carrier, the restructuring of public institutions and administrative powers to accommodate new technical procedures and the creation of popular support for the enterprise. This study constitues part of the applicant's goal of preparing a history of modern epidemiology, emphasis falling on the innovative years between 1840 and 1910.