THE NEW EPIDEMIOLOGY: ROBERT KOCH AND CHOLERA

1880年以后医学细菌学的进展， 速度极快，最显著的成就是 许多严重的微生物病原体的鉴定， 社会破坏性传染病。 新知识 是潜在有用的知识和应用， 细菌学的理解和技术几乎始于 立即 一个重要的应用领域是研究 疾病在患病人群中的传播。 这是流行病学的传统领域。 经常 结合在一个人身上，流行病学家-细菌学家 试图利用细菌理论的各个方面， 疾病，明确认识到一个独特的承诺， 为长期的公共卫生奠定了坚实的科学基础 性问题 这一建议的重点是历史研究的互动 流行病学和细菌学之间的联系 基本上是新的科学，1850-1900. 这项工作是 讲述了这个时代最重要的外来传染病 亚细亚霍乱。 罗伯特·科赫和他在柏林的同事们 领导细菌学调查，特别是霍乱 在1883年到1894年间。 然而，马克斯·冯·佩腾克夫， 在慕尼黑工作，奠定了坚实的基础， 环保主义者对疾病的看法，强调空气，水， 首先是土壤。 多年来，激烈的报复仍在继续， 在看似不可调和的生物学和 环境学家对霍乱的解释， 只有在可怕的汉堡流行病的情况下， 1892/1893. 这项研究将展示实验室科学是如何 介绍了实地调查和展示的性质， 因此而建议和实施的卫生措施 询问。 核心问题包括早期和 自信的诊断，健康携带者的概念， 改革公共机构和行政权力， 适应新的技术程序和创建 群众支持企业。 本研究是 申请人的目标是准备一个现代的历史， 流行病学，重点落在创新年之间 1840年和1910年。

The progress of medical bacteriology after 1880 was extraordinarily rapid, its most conspicuous accomplishment being the identification of the microbial agents of numerous severe and socially disruptive communicable diseases. The new knowledge was potentially useful knowledge and application of bacteriological understanding and techniques began almost immediately. An important field of application was the study of the movement of disease through an afflicted human population. This was the traditional territory of epidemiology. Often combined in a single person, the epidemiologist-bacteriologist attempted to exploit diverse aspects of the germ theory of disease, having recognized clearly the unique promise of a rigorous scientific foundation for long-standing public-health concerns. The focus of this proposal is historical study of the interaction between epidemiology and bacteriology in the years when both were essentially new sciences, ca. 1850-1900. The work is structured about the foremost exotic epidemic disease of the era, Asiatic cholera. Robert Koch and his associates in Berlin took the lead in bacteriological inquiries, attending to cholera especially between 1883 and 1894. Already, however, Max von Pettenkofer, working in Munich, had laid firm foundations for a predominantly environmentalist view of the disease, stressing air, water and, above all, soil. Over many years a fierce revalry continued between the seemingly irreconcilable biological and environmentalist interpretations of cholera, with a relatively clear decision coming only with the dreadful Hamburg epidemic of 1892/1893. This study will show how laboratory science was introduced into field investigation and exhibit the nature of the hygienic measures proposed and imposed as a result of these inquiries. Central issues include the importance of early and confident diagnosis, the notion of the healthy carrier, the restructuring of public institutions and administrative powers to accommodate new technical procedures and the creation of popular support for the enterprise. This study constitues part of the applicant's goal of preparing a history of modern epidemiology, emphasis falling on the innovative years between 1840 and 1910.