INTENTIONAL AND AUTOMATIC PROCESSES IN TRAIT INFERENCES

我们对他人的印象是大多数 关于他人的社交互动和决策。这些 印象通常基于对行为的观察和编码 观察以某种总结形式出现的观察，如特征基本AS 特征推断和编码是，对 进行性状推断的加工阶段，以及 这些推论是被故意控制的。 这14项拟议的研究是一项关于 意图和自动加工对特质的影响 推理过程。使用特征暗示的行为描述 作为刺激和线索回忆范式，我们已经证明了人们 在理解过程中，是否可以在编码时进行特质推理， 既没有这样做的意图，也没有意识到已经这样做了。 这些推论被称为“自发的”，因为它们是 既不是全自动的也不是完全控制的。建议进行的研究 检查特质推论中的几个假设阶段：使用 消除多义词歧义的语境(和行为，通过 暗示)行为描述中的；描述行为的 更抽象；将行为特征链接到 演员概念；并将结果编码到长期记忆中。 他们关注这些处理阶段的时间进程，以及 观察者的加工目标对每个阶段的影响。这个 核心问题是，人们有多少，或者能够意识到他们的 自己的特质推理过程，以及它们可以控制的程度 他们。 词汇中的再认反应时、跨模式干扰 决策和启动的识别反应时间程序是 作为更传统的召回措施的补充。正在处理中 目标可以通过指令直接改变，也可以间接改变 通过刺激的生动、真实和与 演员。 这项研究应该(A)为假设提供证据 从行为描述推断特征的阶段，(B)澄清 人们对这些处理阶段的控制限度 及其结果，以及(C)扩大可用方法的范围 用于研究基本的、广泛的人的感知过程 一系列社会现象，从精神病诊断到 刻板印象。

The impressions we form of others are basic determinants of most social interactions and decisions about other people. These impressions are usually based on observing behavior and encoding the observation in some summary form, such as traits. Basic as trait inferences and encoding are, little is known about the processing stages in making trait inferences, and the extent to which such inferences are under intentional control. The 14 proposed studies are part of a program of research on the effects of intentions and automatic processing on the trait inference process. Using trait-implying descriptions of behavior as stimuli and a cued recall paradigm, we have shown that people can mke trait inferences at encoding during comprehension, without either intentions to do so or awareness of having done so. These inferences are termed "spontaneous" because they are neither fully automatic nor controlled. The proposed studies examine several hypothesized stages in trait inferences: using context to disambiguate polysemous words (and acts, by implication) in behavior descriptions; characterizing the behavior more abstractly; linking the behavior characterization to the actor concept; and encoding the result into long term memory. They focus on the time course of these processing stages, and the effects of the observers' processing goals on each stage. The central question is how much people are, or can be aware of their own trait inference processes, and how much they can control them. Recognition reaction times, cross-modal interference in lexical decisions, and primed recognition reaction time procedures are used in addition to more traditional recall measures. Processing goals are varied directly through instructions, and indirectly through the stimuli's vividness, veracity, and relatedness to the actor. This research should (a) provide evidence for the hypothesized stages in inferring traits from behavior descriptions, (b) clarify the limits of control people can have over these processing stages and their results, and (c) broaden the range of methods available for studying person perception processes that are basic to a wide range of social phenomena, from psychiatric diagnoses to stereotyping.