Controlling Effects of Implicit Perceptions

描述(由申请者提供)：这个项目旨在增加人们如何自发地形成对他人的印象的基本知识，这种隐性知识对判断他人的影响，以及人们在什么条件下可以控制他们的隐性知识的影响。对他人的印象是社会关系的基本决定因素。它们可以促进精神健康或精神疾病，并影响人们接受医疗服务。它们影响人们在工作小组、友谊和社会支持网络中的有效性、参考小组的选择、小组间的合作和冲突等等。大多数关于人们如何形成和使用印象的研究都集中在故意形成的、明确的印象上，这是通过自我报告来衡量的。但最近的研究表明，许多关于他人的知识都是隐性的，不能用于自我报告。这种隐含的知识可能会在法官不知情的情况下影响他人的显性判断。一旦人们意识到他们的隐性印象的影响，他们能在多大程度上控制这些影响？是什么影响了他们的控制程度？这个项目提出了十个实验，旨在为这些问题提供一些准确的、初步的答案。他们考察了内隐印象形成和试图控制其效果之间的时间延迟对控制的影响；在内隐印象形成时和后来尝试控制时做其他认知任务的影响；当内隐印象最初形成时具有不同目标的影响；以及预告和怀疑的影响。他们调查了人们对人的隐性印象是否与对无生命物体的隐性印象不同，以及可能影响控制隐性刻板印象的因素。 这些研究开辟了新的研究领域，并展示了追求这些领域的新方法。他们应该有助于更好地理解任何健康问题，如果对他人的隐含印象是问题的一部分，或者可能有助于解决问题。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This project is designed to increase basic knowledge of how people spontaneously form impressions of other people, of the effects of this implicit knowledge on judging others, and of the conditions under which people can control their implicit knowledge's effects. Impressions of others are fundamental determinants of social relations. They can promote mental health or mental illness, and affect people's receipt of medical care. They affect people's effectiveness in work groups, friendships and social support networks, choice of reference groups, inter-group cooperation and conflict, and more. Most research on how people form and use impressions focuses on intentionally formed, explicit impressions, measured through self-reports. But recent research shows that much knowledge of others is implicit and not available to self-report. This implicit knowledge can affect explicit judgments of others without the judges' awareness. How much control can people have over their implicit impressions' effects, once they are made aware of them? What affects the degree of control they have? This project proposes ten experiments designed to provide some precise, initial answers to these questions. They examine effects on control of time delays between forming implicit impressions and trying to control their effects; of doing other cognitive tasks, both when implicit impressions are formed and when control is attempted later; of having various goals when implicit impressions are initially formed; and of forewarning and suspicion. They investigate whether implicit impressions of people differ from implicit impressions of inanimate objects, and factors that may affect controlling implicit stereotypes. These studies open up new areas of research, and demonstrate new methods to pursue them. They should contribute to better understanding of any health problems where implicit impressions of others are part of the problem, or could contribute to the solution.