Controlling Effects of Implicit Perceptions

描述（由申请人提供）：本项目旨在增加人们如何自发地形成对他人的印象，这种内隐知识对判断他人的影响，以及人们可以控制其内隐知识影响的条件的基本知识。对他人的印象是社会关系的基本决定因素。它们可以促进精神健康或精神疾病，并影响人们接受医疗保健。它们会影响人们在工作群体、友谊和社会支持网络、参考群体的选择、群体间的合作和冲突等方面的效率。大多数关于人们如何形成和使用印象的研究都集中在有意形成的、明确的印象上，通过自我报告来衡量。但最近的研究表明，对他人的很多了解都是隐性的，无法自我报告。这种内隐知识可以在法官不知情的情况下影响他人的外显判断。一旦人们意识到自己的内隐印象的影响，他们能在多大程度上控制这些影响呢？是什么影响了他们的控制程度？这个项目提出了十个实验，旨在为这些问题提供一些精确的、初步的答案。他们研究了在形成内隐印象和试图控制其影响之间的时间延迟对控制的影响；在完成其他认知任务时，无论是在内隐印象形成时还是在稍后尝试控制时；当内隐印象最初形成时，有不同的目标；还有预警和怀疑。他们调查了对人的内隐印象是否与对无生命物体的内隐印象不同，以及可能影响控制内隐刻板印象的因素。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This project is designed to increase basic knowledge of how people spontaneously form impressions of other people, of the effects of this implicit knowledge on judging others, and of the conditions under which people can control their implicit knowledge's effects. Impressions of others are fundamental determinants of social relations. They can promote mental health or mental illness, and affect people's receipt of medical care. They affect people's effectiveness in work groups, friendships and social support networks, choice of reference groups, inter-group cooperation and conflict, and more. Most research on how people form and use impressions focuses on intentionally formed, explicit impressions, measured through self-reports. But recent research shows that much knowledge of others is implicit and not available to self-report. This implicit knowledge can affect explicit judgments of others without the judges' awareness. How much control can people have over their implicit impressions' effects, once they are made aware of them? What affects the degree of control they have? This project proposes ten experiments designed to provide some precise, initial answers to these questions. They examine effects on control of time delays between forming implicit impressions and trying to control their effects; of doing other cognitive tasks, both when implicit impressions are formed and when control is attempted later; of having various goals when implicit impressions are initially formed; and of forewarning and suspicion. They investigate whether implicit impressions of people differ from implicit impressions of inanimate objects, and factors that may affect controlling implicit stereotypes. These studies open up new areas of research, and demonstrate new methods to pursue them. They should contribute to better understanding of any health problems where implicit impressions of others are part of the problem, or could contribute to the solution.