INTENTIONAL AND AUTOMATIC PROCESSES IN TRAIT INFERENCES

我们对他人形成的印象是大多数事情的基本决定因素。 社会交往和对他人的决定。 这些 印象通常基于观察行为和编码 以某种概括形式的观察，如特征。 Basic作为 特质推断和编码，很少有人知道的是， 处理阶段，使特质推理，以及程度， 这种推理是在有意控制之下的。 这14项拟议中的研究是一项研究计划的一部分， 意图和自动加工对特质的影响 推理过程 使用暗示特征的行为描述 作为刺激和线索回忆范式，我们已经表明， 可以在理解过程中的编码中进行特质推断， 没有这样做的意图或意识到这样做了。 这些推论被称为“自发的”，因为它们是 既不是全自动的，也不是全控制的。 拟议的研究 检验特质推理中的几个假设阶段：使用 上下文来消除多义词（和行为，通过 行为描述;描述行为 更抽象;将行为表征与 参与者概念;并将结果编码到长期记忆中。 他们专注于这些处理阶段的时间进程， 观察者的加工目标对各阶段的影响。 的 核心问题是有多少人，或者可以意识到他们的 自己的特质推理过程，以及他们能控制多少 他们 再认反应时、跨通道干扰 决策和启动识别反应时间程序是 除了更传统的召回措施外， 处理 目标通过指示直接变化， 通过刺激的生动性，真实性，以及与 演员 本研究应（a）为假设提供证据 从行为描述推断特征的阶段，（B）阐明 人们对这些处理阶段的控制能力 （c）扩大现有方法的范围 研究人的感知过程， 一系列社会现象，从精神病诊断到 刻板印象

The impressions we form of others are basic determinants of most social interactions and decisions about other people. These impressions are usually based on observing behavior and encoding the observation in some summary form, such as traits. Basic as trait inferences and encoding are, little is known about the processing stages in making trait inferences, and the extent to which such inferences are under intentional control. The 14 proposed studies are part of a program of research on the effects of intentions and automatic processing on the trait inference process. Using trait-implying descriptions of behavior as stimuli and a cued recall paradigm, we have shown that people can mke trait inferences at encoding during comprehension, without either intentions to do so or awareness of having done so. These inferences are termed "spontaneous" because they are neither fully automatic nor controlled. The proposed studies examine several hypothesized stages in trait inferences: using context to disambiguate polysemous words (and acts, by implication) in behavior descriptions; characterizing the behavior more abstractly; linking the behavior characterization to the actor concept; and encoding the result into long term memory. They focus on the time course of these processing stages, and the effects of the observers' processing goals on each stage. The central question is how much people are, or can be aware of their own trait inference processes, and how much they can control them. Recognition reaction times, cross-modal interference in lexical decisions, and primed recognition reaction time procedures are used in addition to more traditional recall measures. Processing goals are varied directly through instructions, and indirectly through the stimuli's vividness, veracity, and relatedness to the actor. This research should (a) provide evidence for the hypothesized stages in inferring traits from behavior descriptions, (b) clarify the limits of control people can have over these processing stages and their results, and (c) broaden the range of methods available for studying person perception processes that are basic to a wide range of social phenomena, from psychiatric diagnoses to stereotyping.