EMOTION AND HEMISPHERIC DYSFUNCTION

尽管大量文献表明人类的两个半球 不同的贡献情绪处理，这种基础 分歧仍然不清楚。 我们建议， 大脑半球功能障碍（RHD）可能会降低有意识地 体验情绪状态，这种缺陷可能存在于 除了他们在非语言感知/表达方面已知的困难之外， 情感信号 特别是，RHD患者可能会损害他们的 自我感知/内脏活动监测和/或 对“体内”情绪的唤醒能力受损 situations. 为了评估这些可能性， 右半球或左半球（和正常对照）将参与 在一系列实验中，将评估他们的能力：（a） 监测他们自己的内脏活动（即，心跳）;（B）解释 关于其生理状态的“离线”错误反馈提示;（c） 在涉及焦虑的情绪情况下会被唤醒 （休克引起的预期焦虑）或奖励;（d）评估他们的 参与预期焦虑任务时的情感体验 和奖励的情况。 我们的理论框架来自威廉·詹姆斯（1891），他 提出，情绪激发刺激诱导身体的变化， 当这些变化发生时，对它们的感知会导致以下体验： 情绪 在我们看来，（人类的）大脑皮层在大脑中起着至关重要的作用。 在分析和解释各种刺激，包括 那些引起情绪感受和自主内脏反应的。 因此，“前馈”系统必须存在，从而使皮层具有 控制自主神经系统和内脏的能力 如心脏（内脏传入神经）。 相反，由于内脏 正常人可以检测到活动，必须有“反馈”系统 神经通路将内脏/躯体的信息 活动回到大脑（内脏传出神经）进行进一步分析。 右半球的损伤可能会破坏 或者“前馈”或“反馈”系统，这反过来可能影响 风湿性心脏病患者的有意识情绪体验。 我们建议的研究 旨在评估这些可能性。

Although a large literature suggests that the two hemispheres of man differ in their contributions to emotional processing, the bases for such differences remain unclear. We propose that patients with right hemispheric dysfunction (RHD) may have diminished ability to consciously experience emotional states, and that this defect may exist above and beyond their known difficulties in the perception/expression of nonverbal affective signals. Specifically, RHD patients may be impaired in their self perception/monitoring of autonomic-visceral activity and/or be impaired in becoming autonomically aroused to "in vivo" emotional situations. To assess these possibilities, patients with focal lesions of the right or left hemisphere (and normal controls) will participate in a series of experiments which will assess their ability: (a) to monitor their own visceral activity (i.e., heartbeat); (b) to interpret "offline" false feedback cues about their physiologic state; (c) to become autonomically aroused in emotional situations involving anxiety (shock-induced anticipatory anxiety) or reward; and (d) to assess their emotional experience while participating in an anticipatory anxiety task and a reward situation. Our theoretical framework is derived from William James (1891), who proposed that emotion provoking stimuli induce bodily changes and the perception of these changes as they occur results in the experience of emotion. In our view, it is the cortex (in humans) that plays a critical role in the analysis and interpretation of various stimuli, including those that induce emotional feeling and autonomic visceral responses. Consequently, "feedforward" systems must exist whereby the cortex has the ability to control the autonomic nervous system and hence the viscera such as the heart (visceral afferents). Conversely, because visceral activity can be detected by normals, there must be "feedback" systems whereby neuronal pathways bring information about visceral/somatic activity back to the brain (visceral efferents) for further analysis. It is possible that lesions of the right hemisphere may disrupt either or both the "feedforward" or "feedback" systems, which in turn may impact the conscious emotional experience of RHD patients. Our proposed studies are designed to assess these possibilities.