Challenging RISK: Achieving Resilience by Integrating Societal and Technical Knowledge

该项目涉及城市环境中多种结构性风险的社会综合缓解，重点是地震和火灾的相互关联的风险。火灾是地震后建筑物损坏的最大原因。到目前为止，这一研究领域在很大程度上被忽视了，因为它跨越了地震和消防安全工程知识领域的界限。各种因素的结合增加了每个不同领域已经存在的风险估计方面的挑战。目前还没有普遍接受的方法来说明加强做法对建筑物易受地震(更不用说地震和火灾)的影响。在消防安全工程方面，由于缺乏必要的输入数据，目前几乎没有可靠的损失估计或基于风险的设计技术。该项目将通过大规模的结构试验和计算分析，为这些问题开发新的技术工程解决方案。而且，这些技术工程解决方案将第一次明确地考虑到制定这些解决方案的社会背景。21世纪工程必须在日益城市化、服务过度扩张和基础设施脆弱的背景下，提供有效和实用的多风险缓解解决方案。因此，具有挑战性的风险将制定和整体优化战略，以缓解多种危险风险，导致在当地社区内建立有弹性的有形基础设施。它建议进行基础工程研究，以期对现有混凝土结构对地震和火灾的反应有新的理解，并着眼于将所学到的经验教训推广到其他危险中。同时，它将通过采用参与性公民科学技术，将关于个人和社会风险认知的现有研究扩展到社区，从而设计和实施有效的缓解宣传运动。与社区、地方当局和建筑业的互动也将反馈到试验方案中，以便只调查符合这些利益攸关方要求的结构加强方案。我们的最终目标是更多地采用结构和非结构缓解措施，从而减少寿命和经济损失。我们将就现有钢筋混凝土结构在地震和火灾中的性能(分别和顺序)产生新的知识，目的是发展一个基于性能的评估和结构缓解的综合框架。我们将与社区接触，以确定“可接受的”绩效，告知技术方案和有效实施的手段。将对代表非抗震设计的建筑物的结构元件和子组件进行大规模实验研究，这些建筑物已使用纤维增强聚合物(FRP)进行加固，以改善地震反应。这些元素将受到地震载荷，然后受到火灾(反之亦然)。为FRP加固在火灾和地震荷载作用下实现多种性能状态的设计提供参考。同时，将在技术和社会层面开展以行动为导向的研究，以了解个人和社区对火灾和地震风险的认识和表现，并在伦敦、西雅图和大阪进行具体干预。例如，这将通过地震监测与使用智能手机的感知调查相结合，以及使用社交媒体记录火灾风险和事件来实现。这部分研究的结果将有助于发展有效的沟通，以提高认识，导致行动。

This project is concerned with socially integrated mitigation of multiple structural risks in the urban environment, with a focus on the linked risks of earthquake and fire. Fire is the largest contributor to building damage following earthquakes. To date, this research area has largely been ignored as it crosses the boundaries between the knowledge areas of earthquake and fire safety engineering. The combination of factors adds to the challenges in risk estimation already existing in each distinct area. There is currently no universally accepted method for accounting for the effect of strengthening practices on building vulnerability to earthquakes (let alone earthquakes followed by fire). In the case of fire safety engineering, few credible techniques for damage estimation or risk-based design currently exist due to a lack of requisite input data. This project will develop, through large scale structural testing and computational analysis, new technical engineering solutions to these problems. And, for the first time, these technical engineering solutions will be developed explicitly accounting for the social context within which they are to be enacted. 21st Century engineering must provide effective and practical multi-hazard risk mitigation solutions against a background of growing urbanisation, overstretched services and vulnerable infrastructure. Thus, Challenging RISK will develop and holistically optimise strategies for the mitigation of multi-hazard risks, leading to resilient physical infrastructure within local communities. It proposes fundamental engineering research leading to new understanding of the response of existing concrete structures to earthquake and fire, with a long-term view to extend the lessons learned to other hazards. Simultaneously, it will design and implement effective mitigation promotion campaigns by extending existing research on individual and societal risk perception to community level through adoption of participatory citizen science techniques. The interaction with communities, local authorities and construction industry, will also feed back into the experimental programme, such that only structural strengthening options that meet the requirements of these stakeholders will be investigated. Our ultimate goal is to increase the uptake of structural and non-structural mitigation measures, resulting in reduced life and economic losses.We will produce new knowledge on the performance of existing reinforced concrete structures subjected to earthquake and fire hazards (individually and in sequence), with the aim of developing an integrated framework for performance-based assessment and structural mitigation. We will engage with communities to define "acceptable" performances, inform the technical programme and the means for effective implementation. Large-scale experimental studies will be carried out on structural elements and sub-assemblages representing non-seismically designed buildings that have been strengthened for improved seismic response using fibre reinforced polymers (FRP). The elements will be subjected to seismic loads and then to fire (and vice-versa). They will provide information for the design of FRP strengthening to achieve multiple performance states under the fire and earthquake loads. In parallel, action-oriented research, where interventions are carried out at both the technical and social levels, will be used to develop an understanding of risk perception and representation of fire and seismic risk at the individual and community levels, with specific interventions carried out in London, Seattle, and Osaka. This will be done, for example, through seismic monitoring combined with perceptions surveys using smartphones, and recording fire risks and incidents using social media. The results of this part of the study will assist in the development of effective communication to raise awareness, leading to action.