MOTOR CONTROL IN PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

本课题主要研究了感应电机控制中的基本问题。 以及鸣禽复杂发声交流的发展。鸣禽 提供一个很好的模型来研究对以下两个方面都很重要的问题 动物交流的学生和人类语言的学生。除了 天哪，鸣禽是唯一一种学习发挥重要作用的动物 在复杂的声音信号发展中的作用。鸣禽也是 第一个声带运动控制中枢偏侧化的动物模型 类似于人类语言中的大脑支配。关于中国石油天然气集团公司 BirdSong的神经行为学提供了一种实验评估 对理解人类语音很重要的各种概念，其中包括 在制作中加入了特殊语音处理的可能性 和声音信号的感知，语音感知的运动理论和 中心偏侧化的作用。 这些实验利用了一种新技术，其中微珠 在每个支气管处放置热敏电阻以记录相关的空气运动 有呼吸和发声。呼吸压力与心绞痛的模式 组成发声器官的肌肉的电活动也可以 量过了。这是第一次可以直接监测声音 在完好的脊髓空洞两侧产生和运动活动 在歌声中。要解决的具体问题包括：什么声学 空洞的每一边对歌曲有什么贡献？活动进行得如何？ 双方协调一致了吗？每一方都能独立行动吗？ 来自正常脊髓空洞的鸣声是否偏侧？如果是的话，这是起源于 中枢(类似于人类语言中的大脑支配)或外围 (因此作为半球优势的动物类比是不合适的 演讲)？什么是负责特定发声的运动相关因素 歌声中的手势或语音元素及其在青少年中是如何发展的 鸟?有时相互冲突但又相互依存的运动需求是如何 呼吸通气机与歌曲制作相结合？什么 在上述问题上，鸟类之间存在差异。 它保留了一首高度可变的塑料歌曲，作为成年人与那些患有 更具体化，更刻板的歌曲？ 因此，建议对成年鸟类进行的实验解决了基本问题 广泛关注的问题。其中包括外围设备控制和 执行复杂的中枢运动模式；性质和功能 中央和外周两级的偏侧化运动控制； 特定发声手势的运动关联，包括 为产生语音交流而进行的特殊语音处理； 在不同的行为中使用相同的外围结构，例如 发声和呼吸。此外，对幼鸟的研究还将使 对更好地理解个体发育的重大贡献 交流发声的感觉运动发展方面； 易感性期的运动相关性和运动的可能作用 学习。

This research focuses on basic problems in the sensorimotor control and development of complex vocal communication in songbirds. Songbirds provide an excellent model in which to study issues important both to students of animal communication and to those of human speech. Except for man, songbirds are the only animal in which learning plays an important role in the development of complex vocal signals. Songbirds were also the first animal model for central lateralization of vocal motor control analogous to cerebral dominance in human speech. Studies on the neuroethology of birdsong provide a way of experimentally evaluating a variety of concepts important to understanding human speech among which are included the possibility of special phonetic processing in the production and perception of vocal signals, the motor theory of speech perception and the function of central lateralization. These experiments utilize a new technique in which microbead thermistors are placed in each bronchus to record air movement associated with respiration and phonation. Respiratory pressure and the pattern of electrical activity of muscles comprising the vocal organ can also be measured. For the first time it is possible to directly monitor the sound produced and motor activity occurring on each side of the intact syrinx during song. Specific questions to be addressed include: What acoustic contribution does each side of the syrinx make to song? How is activity on the two sides coordinated? Can each side act independently of the other? Is song from a normal syrinx lateralized and if so does this originate centrally (analogous to cerebral dominance in human speech) or peripherally (thus being inappropriate as an animal analog of hemispheric dominance in speech)? What are the motor correlates responsible for specific vocal gestures or phonetic elements of song and how do they develop in the young bird? How are the sometimes conflicting, but interdependent, motor demands of respiratory ventilation integrated with song production? What differences with respect to the preceding questions are there between birds which retain a highly variable plastic song as adults verses those with a crystallized, more stereotyped song? The proposed experiments on adult birds thus address fundamental problems of broad interest. These include the peripheral control and execution of complex central motor patterns; the nature and function of lateralized motor control at both the central and peripheral levels; the motor correlates of specific vocal gestures including the possibility of a special phonetic processing for the production of vocal communication; the use of the same peripheral structure in different behaviors such as vocalization and respiration. Studies on young birds will in addition make a significant contribution toward a better understanding of ontogenetic aspects of sensorimotor development of vocalizations for communication; motor correlates of impressionable periods and the possible role of motor learning.