Emergency flood planning and management using unmanned aerial systems

使用无人机系统进行紧急洪水规划和管理

• 批准号: EP/P02839X/1
• 负责人: David Butler
• 金额: $ 190.4万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF EXETER
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2017
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2017 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FP02839X%2F1
• 关键词: Emergency; flood; planning; management; using

Some 5 million people live in flood risk areas in England and Wales, with one in six homes at risk of flooding. In India, similar risks are present: over 40 million hectares (12% of India's land mass) are prone to flooding and river erosion. In this century, the economic losses resulting from damage caused by flooding far outweigh the costs associated with other natural disasters ($21bn in losses from 27 instances in the UK, and $39bn in losses from 128 instances in India). Furthermore, both the frequency and intensity of pluvial and fluvial flooding is expected to increase over time due to climate change - increasing flood risk, financial loss and (human) fatalities. The UK has well-developed emergency planning processes and procedures, and yet there have been a number of recent cases of flooding where the emergency evacuation process has been stretched to its limits and beyond (e.g. Cockermouth and Carlisle). Earlier this year, the Indian Parliament put forward a national action plan under the Disaster Management Act with the aim of substantially decreasing the loss of life, livelihoods and assets, by improving the country's response to disasters. The plan highlights the urgent need for improved (predictive) warning, risk and threat identification and policy assessment, evacuation planning, data collection, information dissemination, cooperation and effective management of the relief operation. At the heart of the management of these issues is developing a good knowledge of the underlying communities and their infrastructure and the state of these endangered systems at critical times, particularly during the onset and development of the flooding event. The deployment and management of unmanned aerial systems (either vertical take-off and landing quad-rotors or small fixed wing aircraft) and of their data product coupled with advanced model prediction capabilities would seem to be a challenging but promising way of supporting emergency planning and management and testing the predicted and actual effects of policy decisions.The project focuses on using instrumented unmanned aerial systems (UASs) to collect and collate pertinent information about an unfolding flooding disaster. The relative ease with which UASs can be deployed (often hand launched) to assess damage across large areas provides emergency responders with the opportunity to assess the situation quickly, allowing the prioritisation of resources and their effective deployment where they are required. One aspect of the research will focus on addressing the challenges associated with flying UASs in such (non-ideal) situations: for example maintaining performance during adverse weather conditions, during intermittent loss of communication with the base station, overcoming the loss of operator visuals, providing the ability to recover the vehicle without a runway and avoiding potential collisions with unexpected obstacles within the flight domain. The project will also consider how the data can be combined with accelerated flood inundation models to generate detailed evacuation plans, and to predict the nature and progress of the flooding to improve allocation of emergency resources, build community flood resilience, save lives and reduce economic damage. The strategy will take into account both the physicality of the flood event itself and the social structures which are subject to the flooding. The concepts will be practically realised by the creation of a prototype decision support system to allow on-the-ground decision makers in the UK and India emergency coordination teams, or government agencies, to better understand the consequences of flooding to help them make timely and better informed decisions. We will also focus on engaging users and building capacity in India and the UK to integrate the use of UASs effectively into current flood response frameworks in a structured way to maximise the benefits they can provide.

约有500万人生活在英格兰和威尔士的洪水风险地区，六分之一的家庭面临洪水风险。在印度，类似的风险也存在：超过4000万公顷(占印度陆地面积的12%)容易发生洪水和河流侵蚀。在本世纪，洪灾造成的经济损失远远超过与其他自然灾害相关的损失(英国27次洪灾造成的损失为210亿美元，印度128次洪灾造成的损失为390亿美元)。此外，由于气候变化，洪涝和河流洪灾的频率和强度预计都将随着时间的推移而增加--增加洪灾风险、经济损失和(人)死亡。英国有完善的应急计划流程和程序，但最近发生了一些洪灾案例，紧急疏散流程已经达到极限甚至超出了极限(例如科克茅斯和卡莱尔)。今年早些时候，印度议会根据《灾害管理法》提出了一项国家行动计划，目的是通过改善国家对灾害的反应，大幅减少生命、生计和资产的损失。该计划强调迫切需要改进(预测性)预警、风险和威胁识别和政策评估、疏散规划、数据收集、信息传播、合作和有效管理救济行动。管理这些问题的核心是充分了解基本社区及其基础设施，以及这些濒危系统在关键时刻的状况，特别是在洪灾事件发生和发展期间。部署和管理无人驾驶航空系统(垂直起降四旋翼飞机或小型固定翼飞机)及其数据产品，再加上先进的模型预测能力，似乎是支持应急规划和管理以及测试政策决策的预测和实际效果的一种具有挑战性但很有前途的方法。该项目重点是使用仪表式无人机系统(UAS)收集和整理有关正在发生的洪灾的相关信息。UAS可以相对容易地部署(通常是手动启动)来评估大片地区的损失，这为应急人员提供了快速评估情况的机会，使他们能够确定资源的优先顺序，并在需要的地方有效部署资源。研究的一个方面将集中在解决与在这种(非理想)情况下飞行的无人机相关的挑战：例如，在恶劣天气条件下保持性能，在与基站间歇性失去通信期间，克服操作员视觉损失，提供在没有跑道的情况下找回飞行器的能力，以及避免在飞行领域内与意外障碍物的潜在碰撞。该项目还将考虑如何将这些数据与加速洪水淹没模型结合起来，以生成详细的疏散计划，并预测洪水的性质和进展，以改善紧急资源的分配，建立社区抗洪能力，拯救生命和减少经济损失。该战略将考虑到洪灾事件本身的实际情况和受洪灾影响的社会结构。这些概念实际上将通过创建一个原型决策支持系统来实现，使英国和印度的紧急协调小组或政府机构的实地决策者能够更好地了解洪水的后果，帮助他们做出及时和更知情的决策。我们还将专注于吸引印度和英国的用户并建设能力，以便以结构化的方式将UAS的使用有效地整合到当前的洪水应对框架中，以最大限度地发挥它们所能提供的好处。

项目成果

Vision based robust autonomous landing of a quadrotor on a moving target

基于视觉的四旋翼飞行器在移动目标上的鲁棒自主着陆

• 发表时间: 2020
• 期刊: Journal of Field Robotics
• 影响因子: 8.3
• 作者: Gautam A

Macroscopic model-based swarm guidance for a class of contaminant tracking applications

• DOI: 10.1080/00207179.2020.1833250
• 发表时间: 2020-10
• 期刊: International Journal of Control
• 影响因子: 2.1
• 作者: Meysam Ghanavati;A. Chakravarthy;P. Menon

Towards more effective strategies to reduce property level flood risk: standardising the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

• DOI: 10.2166/aqua.2020.093
• 发表时间: 2020-12-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF WATER SUPPLY RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY-AQUA
• 影响因子: 4.3
• 作者: Casado, Monica Rivas;Leinster, Paul
• 通讯作者: Leinster, Paul

Emergency flood evacuation route modelling: A pilot case study

紧急洪水疏散路线建模：试点案例研究

• 发表时间: 2019
• 作者: Gurusamy, S.

Planning of alternative street routes in urban areas during floods

洪水期间城市地区替代街道路线的规划

• 发表时间: 2019
• 作者: Kashyap A