Transformation of American Southern Commemorative Landscapes

纪念性景观既反映了文化价值观，又为维持和挑战这些价值观提供了背景。景观可以被构建和使用，以积极地记住或忘记某些身份，群体和历史，以保持或有时挑战这些历史。南方种植园旅游在美国发展种族的基本理解方面发挥着重要作用，通过探索纪念性景观建立了一种地方感和意义感。 南方的纪念性景观如何提供象征性和实质性的代表，这意味着什么是南方和南方文化是如何定义和辩论的社会记忆和纪念性景观的科学研究的关键问题。 本研究的目的是为美国南部纪念性景观的种族化改造提供理论依据。具体而言，研究人员研究了将奴隶制纳入种植园景观的过程和政治，作为当代对南方和美国遗产的意义和用途进行斗争的象征。 在这样的地点进行关于奴隶制的批判性讨论不仅可以提高历史的准确性，而且对于理解美国当代的种族关系也是必要的。这项研究描述和解释的方式和程度，南部旅游种植园正在走向被奴役的历史纳入该地区和国家的纪念景观。 这些问题对当代美国社会整体来说都很重要，对那些拥有、管理或参观这些旅游景点的人来说也很重要。 传统上，旅游种植园赋予了白色特权和从南方种植园历史中抹去被奴役者的想法的权威，但这些表征已经开始改变。这个框架驱动了以下研究问题：（1）在何种程度上，以及如何种植园的业主/经营者将奴隶制纳入种植园的建成，叙事和表演景观？(2)改变的动力是什么，将奴隶制纳入种植园的建筑，叙事和表演景观？(3)游客对奴隶制的期望是什么？他们对奴隶制作为种植园的建筑、叙事和表演景观的一部分而被排除或纳入的反应是什么？(4)如何将奴隶制融入到种植园的建筑、叙事和表演景观中？(5)讲解员如何拥抱、抵制和体现奴隶制融入种植园的建筑、叙事和表演景观？(6)作为种植园的建筑、叙事和表演景观的一部分，游客对奴隶制的前、后概念是什么？该项目在文献中开辟了新的天地，在多个种植园地点和类型进行实地调查，以及审查多个利益攸关方（例如，业主/经营者、导赏员及游客）。该研究通过每个地区的多个研究地点比较了三个主要的种植园区。 在每个站点，研究人员采用混合方法的方法，包括准实验设计，采访种植园主/经营者，参与观察员的种植园图尔斯旅游，采访讲解员，和游客的调查和采访。

Commemorative landscapes both reflect cultural values and provide a context to sustain and challenge those values. Landscapes can be constructed and used to actively remember or forget certain identities, groups, and histories in order to maintain or sometimes challenge those histories. Southern plantation tourism plays an important role in developing basic understanding of race in the United States by establishing a sense of place and meaning through the exploration of commemorative landscapes. How southern commemorative landscapes provide symbolic and substantive representations of what it means to be southern and how southern culture is defined and debated form key questions in the scientific study of social memory and commemorative landscapes. The objective of this research is to contribute to theory centered on the transformation of racialized southern commemorative landscapes within the United States. Specifically, the researchers examine the processes and politics of incorporating slavery into plantation landscapes as sites symbolic of contemporary struggles over the meanings and uses of southern and American heritage. Incorporating critical discussions of slavery at such sites not only enhances historical accuracy, but is also necessary to understand contemporary race relations in the United States. This research describes and explains the manner and extent to which southern tourist plantations are moving toward an incorporation of the history of the enslaved into the commemorative landscape of the region and nation. These issues are of importance to contemporary American society as a whole, and of specific interest to those who own, manage, or visit these tourist sites. Traditionally, tourism plantations have given authority to the idea of white privilege and the erasure of the enslaved from southern plantation history, but these representations have begun to change. This framework drives the following research questions: (1) To what extent and how are owners/operators of plantations incorporating slavery into the built, narrative, and performative landscapes at plantations? (2) What were/are the impetuses for change, towards an inclusion of slavery into the built, narrative, and performative landscapes of plantations? (3) What are the tourists' expectations regarding slavery and reactions to the exclusion or inclusion of slavery as part of the built, narrative, and performative landscapes of plantations? (4) How is the incorporation of slavery into the built, narrative, and performative landscapes perceived changing over time at plantations? (5) How do docents embrace, resist and embody the inclusion of slavery into the built, narrative, and performative landscapes of plantations? (6) What are the tourists' pre- and post-conceptions of slavery as part of the built, narrative, and performative landscapes at plantations? The project breaks new ground in the literature by conducting fieldwork at multiple plantation sites and types, as well as examining multiple stakeholders (e.g., owners/operators, docents, and tourists). The study compares three prominent plantation regions through multiple study sites in each region. At each site, the researchers apply a mixed methods approach, including a quasi-experimental design, to interview plantation owner/operators, participant observers of plantation tours, interview docents, and surveys and interviews of tourists.