From the Indian Copper Belts to Chulhas: Affordable Thermoelectric Materials for Rural India

从印度铜带到 Chulhas：印度农村地区经济实惠的热电材料

• 批准号: EP/T020040/1
• 负责人: Anthony V Powell
• 金额: $ 77.63万
• 依托单位: University of Reading
• 依托单位国家: 英国
• 项目类别: Research Grant
• 财政年份: 2020
• 资助国家: 英国
• 起止时间: 2020 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=EP%2FT020040%2F1
• 关键词: Indian; Copper; Belts; Chulhas; Affordable

An estimated 840 million people in India use a solid-fuel cookstove (chulha) powered off wood or biomass. These are very inefficient and produce emissions harmful to health and the environment. Chulhas emit harmful pollutants and particulates that contribute to respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. India has the largest number of people exposed to high levels of indoor air pollution (IAP), which is primarily caused by solid-fuel cookstoves. IAP was responsible for 482,000 deaths in India in 2017 alone, the largest number of deaths attributable to IAP worldwide. The cooking stoves operate at temperatures up to 600 deg. C, providing a ready supply of waste heat. A thermoelectric (TE) device is capable of converting this waste heat into useful electricity, providing a localised power source to power an auxiliary fan to improve combustion in the stove, making them cleaner, safer and more efficient and mitigating the effects of IAP. Approximately 100 million people in rural areas of India have no access to electricity. The areas which electrification has not reached are among the more remote, where off-grid electricity generation is essential. A TE device would also provide sufficient electrical power to fulfill basic needs in lighting, communication and mobile device charging. Addition of a TE device to a chulha would therefore provide a cleaner cooking environment whilst simultaneously delivering a localised electricity supply delivering a major impact on the health and well-being of rural communities.Central to the creation of a TE generator for use with a cooking stove is the development of materials that are affordable, sustainable and optimised to the working temperature (< 600 deg. C) of the stove. Proof of principle has been demonstrated with commercially-available bismuth telluride modules. However tellurium is scarce and bismuth telluride and the corresponding modules expensive. In this project we seek to develop materials that meet the criteria of performance and cost that are optimised for use in the traditional cooking stoves. In particular, we will create new sulphide TE materials for electricity generation that are derived from minerals such as chalcopyrite, bornite and chalcocite, to which India has access to potentially cheap and abundant reserves in the Indian copper belts, including the Khetri, Singhbuhum, and Malanjkhand copper belts. In this way the project seeks to apply the natural resources of India to the solution of a problem affecting a substantial number of the most disadvantaged sector of the population. The project will benefit from the combined computational and experimental expertise of three leading TE laboratories in the UK and India. By applying a variety of materials design strategies and synthetic approaches, we seek to create new high performance n- and p-type semiconductors that can be incorporated into a TE device for electrical power generation in the temperature range 200 < T/deg. C < 400, using the waste heat from a cooking stove.

据估计，印度有8.4亿人使用以木材或生物质为动力的固体燃料炉灶（chulha）。这些都是非常低效的，并产生对健康和环境有害的排放物。Chulha排放有害的污染物和颗粒物，导致呼吸系统疾病，包括慢性阻塞性肺病和肺癌。印度有最多的人暴露于高水平的室内空气污染（IAP），这主要是由固体燃料炉灶造成的。仅在2017年，印度就有482，000人死于IAP，这是全球死于IAP人数最多的国家。烹饪炉的工作温度高达600度。C.提供现成的废热供应。热电（TE）设备能够将这种废热转换为有用的电力，提供本地电源为辅助风扇提供动力，以改善炉灶中的燃烧，使其更清洁，更安全，更高效，并减轻IAP的影响。印度农村地区约有1亿人用不上电。尚未实现电气化的地区属于较为偏远的地区，在这些地区，离网发电是必不可少的。TE设备还将提供足够的电力以满足照明、通信和移动终端充电的基本需求。因此，在chulha中添加TE设备将提供更清洁的烹饪环境，同时提供本地化的电力供应，对农村社区的健康和福祉产生重大影响。创建与烹饪炉灶一起使用的TE发电机的核心是开发负担得起的，可持续的和优化的材料，以适应工作温度（< 600摄氏度）。C.炉子。已经用市售的碲化铋模块证明了原理的证明。然而，碲是稀缺的，碲化铋和相应的模块昂贵。在这个项目中，我们寻求开发符合性能和成本标准的材料，这些材料被优化用于传统的烹饪炉灶。特别是，我们将创造新的硫化物热电材料用于发电，这些材料来自黄铜矿，黄铜矿和辉铜矿等矿物，印度可以在印度铜矿带（包括Khetri，Singhbuhum和Malanjkhand铜矿带）获得潜在的廉价和丰富的储量。通过这种方式，该项目力求利用印度的自然资源来解决影响到人口中相当多的最弱势群体的问题。该项目将受益于英国和印度三家领先的TE实验室的计算和实验专业知识。通过应用各种材料设计策略和合成方法，我们寻求创造新的高性能n型和p型半导体，这些半导体可以被纳入TE器件中，用于在200 < T/deg的温度范围内发电。C < 400，利用炉灶的余热。

项目成果

Enhancement of thermoelectric properties of CuFeS 2 through formation of spinel-type microprecipitates

通过形成尖晶石型微沉淀物增强 CuFeS 2 的热电性能

• DOI: 10.1039/d3ta05011d
• 发表时间: 2023
• 期刊: Journal of Materials Chemistry A
• 影响因子: 11.9
• 作者: Tippireddy S

Local structural distortions and reduced thermal conductivity in Ge-substituted chalcopyrite

锗取代黄铜矿中的局部结构扭曲和热导率降低

• DOI: 10.1039/d2ta06443j
• 发表时间: 2022
• 期刊: Journal of Materials Chemistry A
• 影响因子: 11.9
• 作者: Tippireddy S

Key properties of inorganic thermoelectric materials-tables (version 1)

• DOI: 10.1088/2515-7655/ac49dc
• 发表时间: 2022-04-01
• 期刊: JOURNAL OF PHYSICS-ENERGY
• 影响因子: 6.9
• 作者: Freer, Robert;Ekren, Dursun;Mori, Takao
• 通讯作者: Mori, Takao

Sulfide and Selenide Based Materials for Emerging Applications

用于新兴应用的硫化物和硒化物基材料

• DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-99860-4.00014-9
• 发表时间: 2022
• 作者: Tippireddy S

Tin-Substituted Chalcopyrite: An n-Type Sulfide with Enhanced Thermoelectric Performance.

• DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00637
• 发表时间: 2022-07-12
• 期刊: CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS
• 影响因子: 8.6
• 作者: Tippireddy, Sahil;Azough, Feridoon;Vikram;Tompkins, Frances Towers;Bhui, Animesh;Freer, Robert;Grau-Crespo, Ricardo;Biswas, Kanishka;Vaqueiro, Paz;V. Powell, Anthony
• 通讯作者: V. Powell, Anthony