RAISIN - QT Network for Single-ion Implantation Technologies and Science

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There are several competing methodologies that have shown the promise of exploiting quantum systems, but the most practical route for large-scale industrial reproduction, and the one most likely to be adopted commercially, is through the exploitation of implanted impurities in the solid-state. Very successful quantum technology (QT) platforms using single impurities include defect complexes in diamond (field sensors, imaging etc), donors in silicon (quantum computer gates), and rare earth ions in oxides (quantum memory and quantum communications repeaters). Implantation is an existing scalable fabrication route, and there are several emerging strategies to deterministic implanted single impurities (ISI) to produce compact large-arrays of qubits or multiple, identical single-qubit devices. Deterministic ISI success rates as high as 99.87% are claimed. However, there are very few quantum technology prototype examples where the impurity is deterministically placed, and none where the impurity is deterministically placed by implantation. There is only one report of a post-implant quality control at the single atom level. The challenges are therefore to verify the deterministic ISI post-hoc, drive innovation, and to produce valuable QTs based on this capability.The University of Surrey is one of several groups internationally that are leading the development of the tools that will enable ISI. Uniquely, we are proposing the establishment of an international network, RAISIN (Roadmap for Applications of Implanted Single Impurities Network), to promote and facilitate collaborations between these groups that are developing the enabling technology (ISI developers) and the many diverse research activities of groups who are working at the leading edge of quantum technologies and sciences (QT applications community). RAISIN will be forward-looking and will therefore have a strong emphasis on the quantum technologies and science that it will enable (the QT "pull") as well as the ISI development (the ISI "push"). It will intentionally have a well-defined scope associated with the quantum science and technologies that low-energy ISI will enable. As such it will complement existing networks that have overlapping scopes. In particular, the IAEA coordinated research project: 'Ion beam induced spatio-temporal structural evolution of materials: accelerators for a new technology era' has a stronger emphasis on accelerator technology and focusses on collaboration among ISI developers, while for example, the International Silicon Quantum Electronics Workshop attendees include a subset of impurity QT scientists (along with other silicon-based QTs involving quantum dots). A roadmap for ISI QT's will be developed to accelerate the development of quantum technologies in general.